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[[File:b2MAN_Fig212.png|thumb|left|540px720px|Running a live simulation of an Op-Amp circuit in RF.Spice A/D with Circuit Animation enabled.]]
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[[File:b2MAN_Fig6.png|thumb|left|220px270px|RF.Spice A/D Circuit Animation Tab]]
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<td>[[File:b2MAN_Fig100.png|thumb|230px270px|Animation Panel's Voltage Tab]]</td><td>[[File:b2MAN_Fig101.png|thumb|230px270px|Animation Panel's Current Tab]]</td>
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<td>[[File:b2MAN_Fig102.png|thumb|230px270px|Animation Panel's Power Tab]]</td><td>[[File:b2MAN_Fig103.png|thumb|230px270px|Animation Panel's Digital Tab]]</td>
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{{Note | Virtual instruments are not saved with the schematic, but with the project only.}}
==Virtual Voltmeter==
Purpose: Easy measurement of the voltages present in a circuit.
Procedure: Working backwards works best here.
First click the General tab to set up the voltmeter's nodes. Choose a node to for the positive and negative nodes using the drop down box or by using the "Probe" tool next to the drop down boxes. Using the probe tool and clicking on a node that you would like to measure automatically selects that node in the drop down box. You should also be aware that voltmeter instruments are automatically inserted if you place a voltmeter part in the schematic.
The next option is the voltmeter’s display range. The meter displays its voltage measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the voltage being measured, which makes it an analog readout. When the measured voltage exceeds the voltmeter’s range, the bar changes color from its normal blue to red. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range and auto adjusts the range to twice the highest voltage reading it sees.
The Functionality tab allows you to select whether voltage signal is a DC or AC one.
If the signal is AC, then choose whether the RMS (Root Mean Square) value should be used or the peak value. Then select the period over which the voltmeter measures.
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[[File:b2MAN_Fig31.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Voltmeter]]
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==Virtual Ammeter==
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==Virtual Distortion MeterWattmeter==
Purpose: Easy measurement and display of the distortion generated within power dissipation by a circuit, usually an amplifier, due to nonlinear deviceselement.
Procedure: First, specify an input and an output node. The distortion meter needs an input to inject Energy (power over time) is measured on a pure signalwatt-hour meter, against which it will compare such as the output’s signalone that connects each house to the power company’s lines. SecondIf we remove time from the equation, we end up with a test frequency needs to be entered (usually 1kHz for audio circuits). You can also set power meter, as a power meter measures the Amplitude and offset instantaneous dissipation of power, much in the test signalsame way a speedometer measures a car’s instantaneous speed. The next option measuring of power dissipated in a purely resistive circuit with a DC voltage source is to specify what the distortion meter should measure. A pure single-tone signal has no harmonicstrivial, as it contains only one frequencypower equals voltage against current, whereas an impure signal can hold many frequencies, which are usually integer multiples of the original single frequencyP = VI. Thus The math becomes a pure 1kHz signal can gives rise to 2kHzlittle trickier with AC-power sources, 3kHz, 4kHz harmonic frequencies. Usually, all as the added frequencies are higher than waveform dictates the input signal's fundamental frequency, but not alwaysaveraging formula used to find the power dissipated. Certain digital circuitsCircuits containing reactive parts, for examplesuch as capacitors and inductors, can give rise on the other hand, are much more complex to sub-harmonic signalsmeasure.
The Total Harmonic Distortion Pure reactive components dissipate zero power, which makes sense in a DC circuit, as the capacitor passes no DC current and the inductor displaces no voltage. Yet, in an AC circuit, the reactive components “seem” to dissipate power, as current passes through the capacitor and the inductor sees a voltage drop. This counterfeit power is called “reactive power;” it is measured not in Watts, but in VARs (THDVolt-Amps-Reactive) figure . In contrast, actual power is labeled “true power” or “active power” or “real power;” it is measured in Watts. To this two powers, a third must be added, “apparent power.” Much in the sum same way as impedance (Z) is the combination of all reactance (X) and resistance (R), apparent power is the harmonically related contributions to the signal’s magnitudecombination of pure power with VAR. Thus, if 0Apparent power is measured in VAs (Volt-Amps) and it’s mathematical formula symbol is “S.9 volts ” Transformers are rated in VAs. For example, a 100VA transformer might hold a secondary with a 10Vac winding that can sustain 10A of current output, which if attached to a 110-volt output signal is made up ohm resistor would realize 100 watts of fundamental frequency true power (P) and 0100 VA of apparent power (S), but zero VAR of reactive power (Q).1 volts is made And if hooked up to a 265µF capacitor, the transformer would realize 0 watts of true power and 100 VA of apparent power and 100 VAR of reactive power. If the fundamental’s second harmonic frequency10-ohm resistor and 265µF capacitor were placed in series and hooked up to the transformer’s secondary, the THD equals 10%transformer would realize 50 watts of true power and 70. The distortion meter can display THD 7 VA of a circuit or just one apparent power and 50 VAR of the first five harmonicsreactive power. The option to display power triangle shown below displays the results as a percentage or in dBs is quite straightforwardrelationships between the three powers. One percent distortion equals the distortion’s contribution (Note how Pythagoras theorem nicely applies to the output signal being –40dB down in amplitude relative values from the previous example and how apparent power will always be equal to the output signalor greater than pure power. The formula is:)
DB = 20Log (distortion signal / output signal)Connecting the power meter to a circuit can be done in two ways in the Circuit Setup tab: by selecting an individual part or by selecting two nodes within the circuit. The Meter Options tab control the display of the meter. The meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the power being measured, which makes it an analog readout. When the measured current exceeds the power meter’s range, the bar changes color from its normal blue to red. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range and auto adjusts the range to twice the highest power reading it sees.
The distortion meter’s display range should be set to "Measure Power As" section specifies how the maximum amount of distortion the user is willing instrument measures Wattage. Real/Active - In contrast to acceptapparent or reactive power, actual power refers to the power dissipation by resistive components. The meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands It is labeled "true power" or "active power" or "real power", and contracts with the distortion being is measuredin Watts. Its mathematical formula symbol is "W". Reactive - Pure reactive components dissipate zero power, which makes it sense in a DC circuit, as a capacitor passes no DC current and an analog readoutinductor displaces no voltage. When Yet, in an AC circuit, the measured reactive components "seem" to dissipate power, as current exceeds passes through the distortion meter’s range, capacitor and the bar changes color from its normal blue to redinductor sees a voltage drop. Pressing This counterfeit power is called "reactive power" and is measured not in Watts, but in VARs (Volt-Amps-Reactive). Its mathematical formula symbol is "Q". Apparent - Much in the “Auto” button overrides same way as impedance (Z) is the fixed range combination of reactance (X) and auto adjusts resistance (R) apparent power is the range to twice the highest distortion reading it seescombination of pure power (P) with reactive power (VAR). Apparent power is measured in VAs (Volt-Amps) and its mathematical formula symbol is "S". Transformers are rated in VAs. Pressing Power Factor - Power Factor (PF) or Total Power Factor (TPF) equals the “Setup” button toggles the length ration of real power (W), which performs the Distortion Meteractual work of creating heat, so light, motion, etc., over apparent power (VA) that when its setup is complete, the Distortion Meter becomes only as tall as its display bandcombination of real power (W) and reactive power (VAR).
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[[File:b2MAN_Fig25b2MAN_Fig33.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Distortion MeterWattmeter]]
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==Virtual Bode PlotterPower Supply==
Purpose: Easy measurement To provide a quick and convenient means of supplying input voltage to a circuit’s frequency responsecircuit.
Procedure: This instrument displays its measurements in a small graph. The Input/Output tab allows you to set up the test in regards to the circuit. Under this tab, choose two inout nodes in your circuit or Much like an input part. (Behind the scenesactual bench power supply, the frequency sweep power supply instrument adds an AC voltage source to the circuit, or if there is already provides a selectable output voltage source connected to the node and ground, it takes over its settings.(s) You should also choose two output nodes. Then select a Signal Amplitude Both regulated and you unregulated power supply types are ready to run the test. Set up the sweep for the test under the Sweep tab. Here you can set whether the graph’s display should reflect a logarithmic or linear labeling of frequency. Select a start and stop frequency available and the number of steps per interval for the test actual current delivered to run. Set up the graph under the Graph Settings tabcircuit is displayed. Here you can control the graph's display of both the amplitude and the phase across the frequency sweep’s range. The Y-axis settings are the maximum and minimum limits of the graphs displayUnlike an actual bench regulated power supply, with the option to set the graph display to linear or in dB. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed Y-axis tick makings and it auto adjusts the graph’s Y-axis limits to twice the highest current reading it sees. The X-axis settings are the beginning and ending frequencies. The last tab, Export, power supply instrument allows you to export the graph to various formatsa degraded mode, including graphic files, text tables, or even copy wherein it to the Project's graph window. You can even copy the graph into memory to paste into other applications. Press the Amplitude/Phase to switch between the two modes. Press the "Run Sweep" button to proceed functions like an unregulated power supply with the test. Pressing the “Zoom” button brings up a new window with just the graph portion of the small frequency sweep instrument. Moving the cursor across the graph reveals the frequency and the dB or phase under the cursorripple on its output, much like an actual raw DC power supply.
The output voltage is set in voltage-selection edit box. If voltage-regulated performance is desired, then select the Regulated button for type. On the other hand, if you wish to simulate a cheap power supply, such as a wallwart, then select Unregulated for type and set the regulation to 25%, the noise to 500mV and the current to the idle current of your circuit. The regulation percentage refers to the over voltage an unregulated power supply develops when unloaded. Thus, a 10-volt/1-amp power supply with 10% regulation will putout 11 volts when it isn’t delivering any current and 10 volts when delivering its rated output current of 1A. 0% regulation means the power supply is indifferent to output current variations, as it produces a constant output voltage. The power supply noise’s frequency equals twice the wall voltage’s frequency, for example, 120 Hz, when the wall voltage is at 60 Hz. The noise’s waveform is selectable. Actual capacitor smoothed power supplies produce a triangular noise waveform; choke input power supplies, something closer to a sine wave waveform; and some switching power supplies, a square wave waveform.
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[[File:b2MAN_Fig26b2MAN_Fig29.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Bode PlotterPower Supply]]
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==Virtual Function Generator==
[[File:b2MAN_Fig28.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Function Generator]]
Purpose: Easy creation of sine, triangle, and square waves to be injected into a circuit.
Procedure: This instrument is functionally equivalent to the SPICE voltage source, but it adds easy frequency and amplitude changes. A node within the circuit must be specified to receive the function generator’s output signal. The reference node is assumed to be the ground. The DC offset of the function generator’s output can be adjusted up and down. You can choose from three waveforms: sinusoidal wave, square wave and triangle wave.
==Virtual Gain Meter==<table> <tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig30b2MAN_Fig28.png|thumb|250pxleft|360px|RF.Spice A/D Power SupplyVirtual Function Generator]]Purpose: Easy measurement and display of the relative strength of two (AC or DC) voltages across or inside a circuit in dBs (decibels).</td></tr></table>
Procedure: Signals often differ by great magnitudes. The miniscule output voltage from a moving-coil phono cartridge (0.1mV) becomes amplified to 1000 volts peak-to-peak at the tube-amplifier’s output tube’s plate. The ratio between these two voltage is 10,000,000. But expressed in dB (decibels), this ratio becomes only 140 dB, a figure that is much more manageable. Aside from compressing large ranges, dBs allow fro easier math. For example, given three identical gain stages that produce a voltage gain of 31.6 times the input, placed in series, what is the total gain? It’s time to find the calculator. But a ratio of 31.6 in dB is 30 dB, which can directly be multiplied by 3 to yield 90 dB of gain; much easier.
Alternatively, a linear display of relative signal strength can be used by pressing the “Linear” button. The display will then show the second signal divided by the first signal.
To measure the ratio between two signals in or through a circuit, the Gain Meter must be attached to two nodes and their references (usually, ground). The gain meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the ratios/gain being measured, which makes it an analog readout. When the measured signal gain exceeds the gain meter’s range, the bar changes color from blue to red. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range and auto adjusts the range to twice the highest distortion reading it sees.
The Functionality tab allows you to select between AC (mediated-coupled), where the meter functions as if it were coupled via a capacitor) or DC (direct coupling), where the meter reads the instantaneous voltage directly without processing. If the signal is AC, then choose whether the RMS (Root Mean Square) value, Average, Absolute Average, Peak-to-Peak, or Peak value should be used.
==Virtual Power Supply==
[[File:b2MAN_Fig29.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Power Supply]]
Purpose: To provide a quick and convenient means of supplying input voltage to a circuit.
Procedure: Much like an actual bench power supply, the power supply instrument provides a selectable output voltage(s). Both regulated and unregulated power supply types are available and the actual current delivered to the circuit is displayed. Unlike an actual bench regulated power supply, the power supply instrument allows a degraded mode, wherein it functions like an unregulated power supply with ripple on its output, much like an actual raw DC power supply.
The output voltage is set in voltage-selection edit box. If voltage-regulated performance is desired, then select the Regulated button for type. On the other hand, if you wish to simulate a cheap power supply, such as a wallwart, then select Unregulated for type and set the regulation to 25%, the noise to 500mV and the current to the idle current of your circuit. The regulation percentage refers to the over voltage an unregulated power supply develops when unloaded. Thus, a 10-volt/1-amp power supply with 10% regulation will putout 11 volts when it isn’t delivering any current and 10 volts when delivering its rated output current of 1A. 0% regulation means the power supply is indifferent to output current variations, as it produces a constant output voltage. The power supply noise’s frequency equals twice the wall voltage’s frequency, for example, 120 Hz, when the wall voltage is at 60 Hz. The noise’s waveform is selectable. Actual capacitor smoothed power supplies produce a triangular noise waveform; choke input power supplies, something closer to a sine wave waveform; and some switching power supplies, a square wave waveform.
==Virtual Oscilloscope==
[[File:b2MAN_Fig24.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Oscilloscope]]
Purpose: To allow you to examine a circuit’s function by displaying voltage over time.
This is especially important when dealing with the trigger setup. If a signal had an peak-to-peak voltage of 2V and an offset of 1V, it would be a sine wave centered around 1V. If the trigger mode was set to trigger on a DC rising edge greater than 0, nothing would show up on the scope since in DC mode, the signal's rising edge never gets to rise above 0. If you then changed the trigger mode to AC, THEN the signal would show up on the scope since the signal would then be centered around 0V and the rising edge would trigger the display.
<table><tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig24.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Oscilloscope]]</td></tr></table> ==Virtual Transient Signal RecorderGain Meter==
[[File:b2MAN_Fig27.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Transient Signal Recorder]]Purpose: To record up to two signals for either a predetermined period Easy measurement and display of time or the entire length relative strength of the simulation run and save the data to two (AC or DC) voltages across or inside a filecircuit in dBs (decibels).
Setting up Procedure: Signals often differ by great magnitudes. The miniscule output voltage from a moving-coil phono cartridge (0.1mV) becomes amplified to 1000 volts peak-to-peak at the Transient Recorder tube-amplifier’s output tube’s plate. The ratio between these two voltage is as simple as specifying the Trace node10,000,000. But expressed in dB (sdecibels) and reference node(s) and then setting up , this ratio becomes only 140 dB, a figure that is much more manageable. Aside from compressing large ranges, dBs allow fro easier math. For example, given three identical gain stages that produce a voltage gain of 31.6 times the capture windowinput, placed in series, what is the total gain? It’s time to find the calculator. But a ratio of 31.6 in dB is 30 dB, which can directly be multiplied by 3 to yield 90 dB of gain; much easier.
The Traces tab is where you set up the Alternatively, a linear display of relative signal(s) to recordstrength can be used by pressing the “Linear” button. The Traces tab has separate sub-tabs that allow you to set up Trace 1 and Trace 2display will then show the second signal divided by the first signal.
For each traceTo measure the ratio between two signals in or through a circuit, make sure that the Show Trace box is checked. By default, Trace 1 is always showing, but if you wish Gain Meter must be attached to display Trace 2two nodes and their references (usually, you need to check the boxground). Select an input node The gain meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and Reference node using a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the drop down box or using the probe tool v5picsratios/probe.pnggain being measured, which will allow you to "sample" a node in makes it an analog readout. When the circuit and have that node number automatically entered into measured signal gain exceeds the respective field. If the circuit's node numbers are not showinggain meter’s range, you can display them by clicking on the Show Node Names v5pics/show_nodebar changes color from blue to red.png Pressing the “Auto” button in overrides the toolbar. Additionally, you can select the Gain fixed range and Vertical Offset and Width of auto adjusts the trace can be set here. Keep in mind that wider widths can slow down range to twice the drawing of the signal and simulationhighest distortion reading it sees.
The Preset Functionality tab sets up allows you to select between AC (mediated-coupled), where the Recorder's capture and display propertiesmeter functions as if it were coupled via a capacitor) or DC (direct coupling), where the meter reads the instantaneous voltage directly without processing. If the signal is AC, then choose whether the RMS (Root Mean Square) value, Average, Absolute Average, Peak-to-Peak, or Peak value should be used.
The most important thing to understand is the difference between the Data Capture Interval and Interactive Viewing Interval<table><tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig30. The Data Capture Interval specifies what length of data to save. The Interactive Viewing Interval specifies what the instrument window displayspng|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Gain Meter]]</td></tr></table>
The Data Capture's All setting captures and saves the data for the entire length ==Virtual Distortion Meter== Purpose: Easy measurement of the simulation run until you stop the simulation. The Most Recent button activates the Duration box and allows you to specify distortion generated within a certain period of data to save. If you specify the most recent 5 seconds to capturecircuit, and the simulation runs for 23 secondsusually an amplifier, only the data from seconds 18-23 are captured. Everything else is discarded. The Fixed button activates both the Start and Duration boxes and allows you due to specify that a certain time interval's data is kept. If you specify a start of 1 second and a duration of 5 seconds, then only the data from seconds 1 to 6 are kept. Note that the Duration is not the same as a stop time. It specifies the LENGTH of time, not a fixed timenonlinear devices.
Procedure: First, specify an input and an output node. The View settings distortion meter needs an input to inject a pure signal, against which it will compare the output’s signal. Second, a test frequency needs to be entered (usually 1kHz for audio circuits). You can also set the Amplitude and offset of the test signal. The next option is to specify what data the distortion meter should measure. A pure single-tone signal has no harmonics, as it contains only one frequency, whereas an impure signal can hold many frequencies, which are usually integer multiples of the original single frequency. Thus a pure 1kHz signal can gives rise to display in 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz harmonic frequencies. Usually, all the graph windowadded frequencies are higher than the input signal's fundamental frequency, but not always. Certain digital circuits, for example, can give rise to sub-harmonic signals.
Again, The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) figure is the Interactive Viewing settings are independent sum of all the Data Capture settingsharmonically related contributions to the signal’s magnitude. The All, Most RecentThus, if 0.9 volts of a 1-volt output signal is made up of fundamental frequency and Fixed boxes function like 0.1 volts is made up of the Data Captures settingsfundamental’s second harmonic frequency, but this only affects the graph displayTHD equals 10%. Note that even data that is not displayed in the graph The distortion meter can be retained for saving to display THD of a file. If a Most Recent viewing interval circuit or just one of 50ms is specified and the Data Capture setting is set first five harmonics. The option to All, then only display the most recent 50ms of data results as a percentage or in dBs is shown, but ALL quite straightforward. One percent distortion equals the data is distortion’s contribution to the output signal being stored –40dB down in memory and can be saved amplitude relative to a filethe output signal.The formula is:
DB = 20Log (distortion signal / output signal) The Export tab allows you distortion meter’s display range should be set to save the data (specified by maximum amount of distortion the Data Capture Interval setting) user is willing to either accept. The meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the distortion being measured, which makes it an analog readout. When the measured current exceeds the distortion meter’s range, the clipboard bar changes color from its normal blue to be pasted into another program or saved directly red. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range and auto adjusts the range to a filetwice the highest distortion reading it sees.Pressing the “Setup” button toggles the length of the Distortion Meter, so that when its setup is complete, the Distortion Meter becomes only as tall as its display band. <table><tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig25.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Distortion Meter]]</td></tr></table> ==Virtual VoltmeterBode Plotter==
[[File:b2MAN_Fig31.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Voltmeter]]Purpose: Easy measurement of the voltages present in a circuitcircuit’s frequency response.
Procedure: Working backwards works best hereThis instrument displays its measurements in a small graph. The Input/Output tab allows you to set up the test in regards to the circuit. Under this tab, choose two inout nodes in your circuit or an input part. (Behind the scenes, the frequency sweep instrument adds an AC voltage source to the circuit, or if there is already a voltage source connected to the node and ground, it takes over its settings.) You should also choose two output nodes. Then select a Signal Amplitude and you are ready to run the test.
First click the General tab to set Set up the voltmeter's nodes. Choose a node to sweep for the positive and negative nodes using test under the drop down box or by using the "Probe" tool next to the drop down boxesSweep tab. Using the probe tool and clicking on a node that Here you would like to measure automatically selects that node in can set whether the drop down box. You graph’s display should also be aware that voltmeter instruments are automatically inserted if you place reflect a voltmeter part in logarithmic or linear labeling of frequency. Select a start and stop frequency and the schematicnumber of steps per interval for the test to run.
The next option is Set up the voltmeter’s display range. The meter displays its voltage measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graphunder the Graph Settings tab. The bar’s length expands Here you can control the graph's display of both the amplitude and contracts with the voltage being measured, which makes it an analog readoutphase across the frequency sweep’s range. When The Y-axis settings are the measured voltage exceeds maximum and minimum limits of the voltmeter’s rangegraphs display, with the bar changes color from its normal blue option to redset the graph display to linear or in dB. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range Y-axis tick makings and it auto adjusts the range graph’s Y-axis limits to twice the highest voltage current reading it sees. The X-axis settings are the beginning and ending frequencies.
The Functionality last tab , Export, allows you to select whether voltage signal is a DC export the graph to various formats, including graphic files, text tables, or AC oneeven copy it to the Project's graph window. You can even copy the graph into memory to paste into other applications.
If Press the signal is AC, then choose whether Amplitude/Phase to switch between the RMS (Root Mean Square) value should be used or two modes. Press the peak value"Run Sweep" button to proceed with the test. Then select Pressing the period over which “Zoom” button brings up a new window with just the voltmeter measuresgraph portion of the small frequency sweep instrument. Moving the cursor across the graph reveals the frequency and the dB or phase under the cursor. <table><tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig26.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Bode Plotter]]</td></tr></table> ==Virtual Transient Signal Recorder==
==Virtual Wattmeter== [[File:b2MAN_Fig33.png|thumb|250px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Wattmeter]]Purpose: Easy measurement and display To record up to two signals for either a predetermined period of power dissipation by time or the entire length of the simulation run and save the data to a circuit elementfile.
Energy (power over time) is measured on a watt-hour meter, such as the one that connects each house to the power company’s lines. If we remove time from the equation, we end Setting up with a power meter, as a power meter measures the instantaneous dissipation of power, much in the same way a speedometer measures a car’s instantaneous speed. The measuring of power dissipated in a purely resistive circuit with a DC voltage source Transient Recorder is trivial, as power equals voltage against current, P = VI. The math becomes a little trickier with AC-power sources, simple as specifying the waveform dictates the averaging formula used to find the power dissipated. Circuits containing reactive parts, such as capacitors Trace node(s) and inductors, on reference node(s) and then setting up the other hand, are much more complex to measurecapture window.
Pure reactive components dissipate zero power, which makes sense in a DC circuit, as the capacitor passes no DC current and the inductor displaces no voltage. Yet, in an AC circuit, the reactive components “seem” to dissipate power, as current passes through the capacitor and the inductor sees a voltage drop. This counterfeit power The Traces tab is called “reactive power;” it is measured not in Watts, but in VARs (Volt-Amps-Reactive). In contrast, actual power is labeled “true power” or “active power” or “real power;” it is measured in Watts. To this two powers, a third must be added, “apparent power.” Much in where you set up the same way as impedance signal(Zs) is the combination of reactance (X) and resistance (R), apparent power is the combination of pure power with VARto record. Apparent power is measured in VAs (VoltThe Traces tab has separate sub-Amps) and it’s mathematical formula symbol is “S.” Transformers are rated in VAs. For example, a 100VA transformer might hold a secondary with a 10Vac winding tabs that can sustain 10A of current output, which if attached allow you to a 10-ohm resistor would realize 100 watts of true power (P) and 100 VA of apparent power (S), but zero VAR of reactive power (Q). And if hooked set up to a 265µF capacitor, the transformer would realize 0 watts of true power Trace 1 and 100 VA of apparent power and 100 VAR of reactive powerTrace 2. If the 10-ohm resistor and 265µF capacitor were placed in series and hooked up to the transformer’s secondary, the transformer would realize 50 watts of true power and 70.7 VA of apparent power and 50 VAR of reactive power. The power triangle shown below displays the relationships between the three powers. (Note how Pythagoras theorem nicely applies to the values from the previous example and how apparent power will always be equal to or greater than pure power.)
For each trace, make sure that the Show Trace box is checked. By default, Trace 1 is always showing, but if you wish to display Trace 2, you need to check the box. Select an input node and Reference node using the drop down box or using the probe tool v5pics/probe.png, which will allow you to "sample" a node in the circuit and have that node number automatically entered into the respective field. If the circuit's node numbers are not showing, you can display them by clicking on the Show Node Names v5pics/show_node.png button in the toolbar. Additionally, you can select the Gain and Vertical Offset and Width of the trace can be set here. Keep in mind that wider widths can slow down the drawing of the signal and simulation.
Connecting the power meter to a circuit can be done in two ways in the Circuit Setup tab: by selecting an individual part or by selecting two nodes within the circuit. The Meter Options Preset tab control sets up the Recorder's capture and display of the meter. The meter displays its measurements in two ways: text and a moving bar graph. The bar’s length expands and contracts with the power being measured, which makes it an analog readout. When the measured current exceeds the power meter’s range, the bar changes color from its normal blue to red. Pressing the “Auto” button overrides the fixed range and auto adjusts the range to twice the highest power reading it seesproperties.
The "Measure Power As" section most important thing to understand is the difference between the Data Capture Interval and Interactive Viewing Interval. The Data Capture Interval specifies what length of data to save. The Interactive Viewing Interval specifies how what the instrument measures Wattagewindow displays.
Real/Active - In contrast The Data Capture's All setting captures and saves the data for the entire length of the simulation run until you stop the simulation. The Most Recent button activates the Duration box and allows you to apparent or reactive power, actual power refers specify a certain period of data to save. If you specify the power dissipation by resistive componentsmost recent 5 seconds to capture, and the simulation runs for 23 seconds, only the data from seconds 18-23 are captured. It Everything else is labeled "true power" or "active power" or "real power", discarded. The Fixed button activates both the Start and Duration boxes and allows you to specify that a certain time interval's data is measured in Wattskept. Its mathematical formula symbol If you specify a start of 1 second and a duration of 5 seconds, then only the data from seconds 1 to 6 are kept. Note that the Duration is "W"not the same as a stop time. It specifies the LENGTH of time, not a fixed time.
Reactive - Pure reactive components dissipate zero power, which makes sense The View settings specify what data to display in a DC circuit, as a capacitor passes no DC current and an inductor displaces no voltage. Yet, in an AC circuit, the reactive components "seem" to dissipate power, as current passes through the capacitor and the inductor sees a voltage drop. This counterfeit power is called "reactive power" and is measured not in Watts, but in VARs (Volt-Amps-Reactive). Its mathematical formula symbol is "Q"graph window.
Apparent - Much in Again, the same way as impedance (Z) Interactive Viewing settings are independent of the Data Capture settings. The All, Most Recent, and Fixed boxes function like the Data Captures settings, but this only affects the graph display. Note that even data that is not displayed in the combination graph can be retained for saving to a file. If a Most Recent viewing interval of reactance (X) 50ms is specified and resistance (R) apparent power the Data Capture setting is set to All, then only the combination most recent 50ms of pure power (P) with reactive power (VAR). Apparent power data is measured in VAs (Volt-Amps) and its mathematical formula symbol shown, but ALL the data is "S". Transformers are rated being stored in VAsmemory and can be saved to a file.
Power Factor - Power Factor The Export tab allows you to save the data (PF) or Total Power Factor (TPF) equals specified by the ration of real power (WData Capture Interval setting), which performs to either the actual work of creating heat, light, motion, etcclipboard to be pasted into another program or saved directly to a file., over apparent power (VA) that is the combination of real power (W) and reactive power (VAR) <table><tr><td> [[File:b2MAN_Fig27.png|thumb|left|360px|RF.Spice A/D Virtual Transient Signal Recorder]]</td></tr></table>
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