View source for RF.Spice A/D Glossary

==4-Bit ADC Bridge==

[[File:GK44.png]]

This 8-pin device is simply a bundle of 4 1-bit ADC bridges. Each analog input pin has a corresponding digital output pin.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|in_low||maximum 0-valued analog input||V||0.1||required
|-
|in_high||minimum 1-valued analog input||V||0.9||required
|-
|}

==4-Bit DAC Bridge==

[[File:GK45.png]]

This 8-pin device is simply a bundle of 4 1-bit DAC bridges. Each digital input pin has a corresponding analog output pin.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|out_low||analog output for 0 digital input||V||0||required
|-
|out_high||analog output for 1 digital input||V||1||required
|-
|}

== AC/RF Current Source ==

[[File:GL11.png]]

This is a simplified version of the standard Current Source, in which the AC "Use" box has been checked by default. Therefore, it is ready to be used for AC frequency sweep. Note that for AC frequency sweep, you do not need to specify the frequency. 


Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|VA||peak current amplitude||A||1||required
|-
|Freq||frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|Phase||phase||deg||0|| 
|-
|offset||DC offset for small-signal current||A||0|| 
|-
|}

== AC/RF Voltage Source ==

[[File:GL10.png]]

This is a simplified version of the standard Voltage Source, in which the AC "Use" box has been checked by default. Therefore, it is ready to be used for AC frequency sweep. Note that for AC frequency sweep, you do not need to specify the frequency. 


Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|VA||peak voltage amplitude||V||1||required
|-
|Freq||frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|Phase||phase||deg||0|| 
|-
|offset||DC offset for small-signal voltage||V||0|| 
|-
|}

==Alternate Ferrite Core Transformer==

[[File:GK96.png]]

The alternate ferrite core transformer is a four-pin two-port device, which has the same behavior as the [[Glossary of Generic Analog & Mixed-Mode Devices#Ferrite_Core_Transformer | Ferrite Core Transformer]], except for the reversed polarity of its secondary port.

==Alternate Ideal Transformer==

[[File:XFMR2.png]]

The alternate ideal transformer is a four-pin two-port device, which has the same behavior as the [[Glossary of Generic Analog & Mixed-Mode Devices#Ideal_Transformer | Ideal Transformer]], except for the reversed polarity of its secondary port.

== AM Modulated Source ==

[[File:GL23.png]]

This is a voltage source with a single-tone amplitude modulated waveform. The AM modulation index MDI is defined as the ratio of maximum amplitude deviation to maximum signal amplitude.  


Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|V0||offset||V||0||
|-
|VA||amplitude||V||1||
|-
|FC||carrier frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|MDI||modulation index||-||0||required
|-
|FS||signal frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|}

== Analog Clock ==

[[File:GL30.png]]

This is a periodic pulse generator with a default 0V low output level and a default 5V high output level. 


Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|delay||delay time||sec||0|| 
|-
|rise||rise time||sec||0.1n|| 
|-
|fall||fall time||sec||0.1n|| 
|-
|pulse_wid||clock pulse width||sec||1u||required
|-
|period||clock period||-||2u||required
|-
|out_low||low output voltage level||V||0|| 
|-|-
|out_high||high output voltage level||V||5|| 
|-
|}

==Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Bridge==
[[File:GK42.png]]

The ADC Bridge takes an analog value from an analog node and may be in the form of a voltage or current.
If the input is less than or equal to &quot;in_low&quot;, then a digital &quot;0&quot; is generated. If
the input is greater than or equal to &quot;in_high&quot;, a digital &quot;1&quot; is generated. Otherwise,
a digital &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; is the output value. Unlike the DAC Bridge, ramping or delay is not applicable.
Rather, the continuous ramping of the input provides for any associated delays in the digitized signal.

This model also posts an input load value based on the parameter input_load.

Model Identifier: adc_bridge

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; [&lt;in_pin&gt; {&lt;in2_pin&gt;&gt; ...}] [&lt;out_pin&gt; {&lt;out2_pin&gt; ...}] &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; adc_bridge {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A [1] [2] adc_bridge

.model adc_bridge adc_bridge in_low = .1 fall_delay = 1n 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|in_low||maximum 0-valued analog input||V||0.1||required
|-
|in_high||minimum 1-valued analog input||V||0.9||required
|-
|rise_delay||L-to-H delay time||sec||1n|| 
|-
|fall_delay||H-to-L delay time||sec||1n|| 
|-
|}

== Arbitrary Temporal Waveform Generator ==

[[File:GL17.png]]

This is a voltage source with an arbitrary waveform defined by a mathematical expression. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "v(t)" standing for time.

Examples:

* v(t) is equivalent to f(t) = t.
* 0.1*(v(t))^2 is equivalent to f(t) = 0.1t^2.
* sin(2*pi*v(t)) is equivalent to f(t) = sin(2&pi;t).  
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Tmax||maximum signal duration||sec||1e6||required
|-
|}

==Auto-Transformer==

[[File:GK102.png]]

This 3-pin device models an auto-transformer with mutual coupling effect. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Lp||primary inductance||H||1m||
|-
|Ls||secondary inductance||H||1m||
|-
|k||coefficient of coupling||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)==
[[File:G11.png]]

The BJT is an active device which has up to 4 pins.  The three standard pins are base, emitter, and collector.  These are given in the default symbol.  The substrate, which is grounded by default, is the fourth pin.  To use the BJT with the substrate, create a new 4-pin BJT using the Device Editor and Symbol Editor.

The standard device parameters are AREA, OFF, IC, and T.  They are described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AREA||area factor (optional) (If not specified, the default value is 1.0.)
|-
|OFF||initial condition for the DC analysis (optional)
|-
|IC||initial condition (optional) (Used when a transient analysis is desired, which starts from other than the quiescent operating point.)
|-
|T||operating temperature of the device (optional)
|-
|}

Area factor scales the model parameters RE and RC.  IC VBE is the initial voltage from base emitter. IC VCE is the initial voltage from collector to emitter.  TEMP is the overriding temperature. These parameters are based on the Gummel and Poon integral-charge model.  If these parameters are not specified, then it will reduce to the simpler Ebers-Moll model. 

The process model is mandatory for the BJT.  Descriptions of the process model parameters are given in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|IS||transport saturation current||A||1.0e-16||1.0e-15
|-
|BF||ideal maximum forward beta|| ||100||100
|-
|NF||forward current emission coefficient|| ||1.0||1
|-
|VAF||forward Early voltage||V||infinite||200
|-
|IKF||corner forward beta high current roll-off||A||infinite||0.01
|-
|ISE||B-E leakage saturation current||A||0||1.0e-13
|-
|NE||B-E leakage emission coefficient|| ||1.5||2
|-
|BR||ideal maximum reverse beta|| ||1||0.1
|-
|NR||reverse current emission coefficient|| ||1||1
|-
|VAR||reverse Early voltage||V||infinite||200
|-
|IKR||corner reverse beta high current roll-off||A||infinite||0.01
|-
|ISC||B-C leakage saturation current||A||0||1.0e-13
|-
|NC||B-C leakage emission coefficient|| ||2||1.5
|-
|RB||zero bias base resistance||ohms||0||100
|-
|IRB||current where base resistance falls halfway to minimum value||A||infinite||0.1
|-
|RBM||minimum base resistance at high currents||ohms||RB||10
|-
|RE||emitter resistance||ohms||0||1
|-
|RC||collector resistance||ohms||0||10
|-
|CJE||B-E zero bias depletion capacitance||F||0||2pF
|-
|VJE||B-E built-in potential||V||0.75||0.6
|-
|MJE||B-E junction exponential factor|| ||0.33||0.33
|-
|TF||ideal forward transit time||sec||0||0.1ns
|-
|XTF||coefficient for bias dependence of TF|| ||0|| 
|-
|VTF||voltage describing VBC dependence of TF||V||infinite|| 
|-
|ITF||high-current parameter for effect on TF||A||0|| 
|-
|PTF||excess phase at freq=1.0/(TF*2PI)Hz||degree||0|| 
|-
|CJC||B-C zero bias depletion capacitance||F||0||2pF
|-
|VJC||B-C built-in potential||V||0.75||0.5
|-
|MJC||B-C junction exponential factor|| ||0.33||0.5
|-
|XCJC||fraction of B-C depletion capacitance connected to internal base node|| ||1|| 
|-
|TR||ideal reverse transit time||sec||0||10ns
|-
|CJS||zero bias collector-substrate capacitance||F||0||2pF
|-
|VJS||substrate junction built-in potential||V||0.75|| 
|-
|MJS||substrate junction exponential factor|| ||0||0.5
|-
|XTB||forward and reverse beta temp. exponent|| ||0|| 
|-
|EG||energy gap for temperature effect on IS||eV||1.11|| 
|-
|XTI||temperature exponent for effect on IS|| ||3|| 
|-
|KF||flicker-noise coefficient|| ||0|| 
|-
|AF||flicker-noise exponent|| ||1|| 
|-
|FC||coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula|| ||0.5|| 
|-
|TNOM||parameter measurement temperature||deg. C||27||50
|-
|}

==Capacitance Meter==
[[File:G37.png]]

The Capacitance Meter measures the total capacitance between a circuit node and the ground. The input pin of the device is connected to the measurement node. The output voltage of the device is then a scaled value equal to the total capacitance seen on its input multiplied by the gain parameter. This model is primarily intended as a building block for other models which must sense a capacitance value and alter their behavior based upon it.


Model Identifier: cmeter

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;in_pin&gt; &lt;out_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; cmeter {&lt;gain = value&gt;}

Example:

A1 1  2 cap_meter

.model cap_meter cmeter  gain = 1

Parameters:

The only parameter is the gain with a default value of 1.0.

==Capacitor==
[[File:GK120.png]]

Capacitors are used to store electrical energy.  They can filter or remove AC signals or block DC current without disrupting AC signals. A capacitor's ability to store energy is termed capacitance and is measured in Farads, with values from pF to mF. The only time current flows through a capacitor is when the charge is collected on, or is removed from, its parallel plates. This means that the voltage across the capacitor is changing, which doesn't conform to DC analysis. In a physical circuit, there is a transition stage during which capacitors charge up to their final values. The result is the same as if these capacitors did not exist and the connections to them were left dangling. In other words, in a (steady-state) DC analysis, a capacitor behaves like an open circuit. Therefore, it is important that no section of the circuit is isolated from the capacitors. Every circuit node needs some path for DC current to the ground.

A capacitor's transient behavior is described by the equation:

i(t) = C * (dv(t)/dt)

Its initial voltage is only important when the simulator performs a transient analysis, and the "Use Initial Conditions" checkbox is checked.

An capacitor's AC behavior is described by the equation: 

i = j ω * C * v 

All capacitor names must begin with C. 

Netlist Format: 

C<device_name> <N+> <N-> <value> 

Example: 

C1 1 2 10p

[[RF.Spice A/D]] provides three types of capacitors: simple, user-defined (or real) and semiconductor. The standard capacitor parameters are N+, N-, VALUE, and IC. In a simple capacitor, VALUE must
be specified for the capacitance in Farads. IC is the (optional) initial condition for the capacitor voltage.

==Center-Tapped Ferrite Core Transformer==

[[File:GK97.png]]

This five-pin three-port device models a center-tapped physical transformer with a magnetic ferrite core. Its model is based on XSPICE's magnetic core and inductive coupling models. For this device you need to specify physical parameters like cross sectional area, core length and number of primary and secondary turns. The physical model of the magnetic device is defined by two vectors: magnetic field intensity H in A/m and magnetic flux density B (also known as magnetic induction) in Tesla. The default array values are:
   
H_array = [-250 -100 -50 -37.5 -25 -12.5 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 100 250]

B_array = [-0.375 -0.36 -0.32 -0.29 -0.24 -0.15 0 0.15 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.375]

To change the value of H/B arrays, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|n_prim||number of primary inductor coupling turns||-||100||required
|-
|n_sec||number of full-winding secondary inductor coupling turns||-||100||required
|-
|area||cross-sectional area||m<sup>2</sup>||1e-5||
|-
|length||core length||m||0.01||
|-
|}

==Controlled Sine Wave Oscillator==

[[File:G24.png]]

This is a four-terminal function generator with a sinusoidal wave output, whose frequency is controlled by an input voltage. The functional dependency of the output frequency on the input voltage is piecewise linear and is defined as a two-dimensional table similar to a piecewise linear (PWL) controlled source. In the "frequency vs. voltage" curve, the array "cntl_array" defines voltage values in Volts and the array "freq_array" defines the corresponding frequencies in Hz. 
This function has parameterizable values of low and high peak output voltage.  

Model Identifier: sine

Netlist Form: 

A&lt;device_name&gt; %vd(&lt;cntl_in_pin&gt; &lt;cntl_in_ref_pin&gt;) %vd(&lt;out_pin&gt;
&lt;out_ref_pin&gt;) &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; sine cntl_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;]   
freq_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;] {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 %vd(1   3)   %vd(2   4)  sine

.model sine sine  cntl_array = [0 1]    freq_array = [1 1000]

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Cntl_array||control array||V||[0 1]||required
|-
|Freq_array||frequency array||Hz||[1 1000]||required
|-
|Out_low||output peak low value||V||-1.0|| 
|-
|Out_high||output peak high value||V||1.0|| 
|-
|}


==Controlled Sources==

Circuits can contain linear dependent sources characterized by one of the following equations (where g,
e, f, and h are constants representing transconductance, voltage gain, current gain, and transresistance,
respectively):

<SPAN  STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; ">i<sub>out</sub> = g v<sub>in</sub>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v<sub>out</sub> =  e v<sub>in</sub>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i<sub>out</sub> = f i<sub>in</sub>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v<sub>out</sub> = h i<sub>in</sub></SPAN>
<P CLASS="Bodytext" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  0pt ; ">
For further information, refer to:</P>

Linear Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)

Linear Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)

Linear Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)

Linear Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)


==Controlled Square Wave Oscillator==

[[File:G25.png]]

This is a four-terminal function generator with a square wave output, whose frequency is controlled by an input voltage. The functional dependency of the output frequency on the input voltage is piecewise linear and is defined as a two-dimensional table similar to a piecewise linear (PWL) controlled source. In the "frequency vs. voltage" curve, the array "cntl_array" defines voltage values in Volts and the array "freq_array" defines the corresponding frequencies in Hz. 

Model Identifier: square

Netlist Format: 

A&lt;device_name&gt; %vd(&lt;cntl_in_pin&gt; &lt;cntl_in_ref_pin&gt;) %vd(&lt;out_pin&gt;
&lt;out_ref_pin&gt;) &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; square cntl_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;] freq_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;] {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 %vd(1   3)   %vd(2   4)  square

.model square square  cntl_array = [0 1]    freq_array = [1 1000]

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Cntl_array||control array||V||[0 1]||required
|-
|Freq_array||frequency array||Hz||[0 1000]||required
|-
|Out_low||output peak low value||V||-1.0|| 
|-
|Out_high||output peak high value||V||1.0|| 
|-
|Duty_cycle||Duty cycle||-||0.5|| 
|-
|Rise_time||Output rise time||sec||1.0e-9|| 
|-
|Fall_time||Output fall time||sec||1.0e-9|| 
|-
|}

==Controlled Triangle Wave Oscillator==

[[File:G26.png]]

This is a four-terminal function generator with a triangle wave output, whose frequency is controlled by an input voltage. The functional dependency of the output frequency on the input voltage is piecewise linear and is defined as a two-dimensional table similar to a piecewise linear (PWL) controlled source. In the "frequency vs. voltage" curve, the array "cntl_array" defined voltage values in Volts and the array "freq_array" defines the corresponding frequencies in Hz.  

Model Identifier: triangle

Netlist Format: 

A&lt;device_name&gt; %vd(&lt;cntl_in_pin&gt; &lt;cntl_in_ref_pin&gt;) %vd(&lt;out_pin&gt;
&lt;out_ref_pin&gt;) &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt;  tirangle cntl_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;]   
freq_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;]{&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 %vd(1   4)   %vd(2   3)  triangle

.model triangle triangle  cntl_array = [0 1]    freq_array = [1 1000]     

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Cntl_array||control array||V||[0 1]||required
|-
|Freq_array||frequency array||Hz||[0 1000]||required
|-
|Out_low||output peak low value||V||-1.0|| 
|-
|Out_high||output peak high value||V||1.0|| 
|-
|Rise_duty||Rise time duty cycle||0.5|| 
|-
|}

== Crystal ==

[[File:GK78.png]]

This is a 2-pin parameterized crystal device.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|CM||motional capacitance||F||10f||
|-
|C0||shunt capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|RM||motional resistance||Ohms||100||
|-
|LM||motional inductance||H||100m||
|-
|}

==Current Noise Source==

[[File:GL16.png]]

This is a current noise generator characterized by a spectral density and corner frequency. You have to click the {{key|Edit Model...}} button to access the [[parameters]] of this device. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|En||noise current||A/&radic;Hz||1p||required
|-
|freq||noise corner frequency||Hz||100||required
|-
|}

==Current Source==

[[File:G17B.png]]

Current source has a DC value, a transient behavior, an AC behavior, and distortion parameters. The transient type, AC parameters, and distortion parameters are defined on the first tab of the source's property dialog. The transient expression can be a pulse, sinusoid, exponential, or piecewise linear. The DC value of a current source is its initial transient value.  For a source with a sinusoidal transient behavior, for example, the DC value will be equal to its transient offset current. The AC parameters are magnitude and phase.  These are used during the AC Frequency Sweep analysis. The distortion parameters, two sets of magnitude and phase, are used during the distortion analysis. The AC and distortion parameters are defined on the second tab of the source's property dialog.

==Current-Controlled Switch==

[[File:G20.png]]

Switches are devices that exhibit high resistance when open (OFF state) and low resistance when closed (ON state). The switch model allows an almost ideal switch to be specified. With careful selection of the on and off resistances, they can effectively represent zero and infinite resistances in comparison to other circuit elements, while sustaining the model condition of a positive, finite value. 

There are two versions of Current-Controlled Switch: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling Ammeter or voltage source, as well as the turn-on and turn-off currents in Amperes and on and off resistance values in Ohms. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling ammeter, and you just specify the rest of [[parameters]]. When the current through the switch or controlling device is greater or equal to the turn-on current, the switch closes. When the current through the switch or controlling device is less than or equal to the turn off current, the switch opens. 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|I_ON||turn-on current||A||0.0||
|-
|I_OFF||turn-off current||A||0.0||
|-
|RON||closed resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|ROFF||open resistance||Ohms||1/GMIN||
|-
|}

==Darlington Pair==

[[File:GK108.png]]

A Darlington pair is a three-pin device that consists of two interconnected BJT transistors of the same type. The collectors of two transistors are connected together to provide the "Collector" pin of the pair. The base of the first BJT acts the "Base" pin of the pair. The emitter of the first BJT is internally connected to the base of the second BJT. The emitter of the second BJT acts as the "Emitter" pin of the pair. There are two types of Darlington pair: NPN and PNP. The parameterized generic Darlington pair also contains a diode connected between the collector and emitter pin as well as two base-emitter resistors, one across each BJT.     

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|is_bjt||bjt saturation current||A||1.0e-12||
|-
|bf_bjt||bjt forward beta||-||150||
|-
|nf_bjt||bjt forward emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|ise_bjt||B-E leakage saturation current||A||0||
|-
|ne_bjt||B-E leakage emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|br_bjt||ideal maximum reverse beta||-||1||
|-
|nr_bjt||reverse current emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|isc_bjt||B-C leakage saturation current||A||0||
|-
|nc_bjt||B-C leakage emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|rb_bjt||zero bias base resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|irb_bjt||current where base resistance falls halfway to minimum value||A||inf||
|-
|rbm_bjt||minimum base resistance at high currents||ohms||0||
|-
|re_bjt||emitter resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|rc_bjt||collector resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|cje_bjt||B-E zero bias depletion capacitance||F||0||
|-
|vje_bjt||B-E built-in potential||V||0.75||
|-
|mje_bjt||B-E junction grading coefficient||-||0.33||
|-
|cjc_bjt||B-C zero bias depletion capacitance||F||0||
|-
|vjc_bjt||B-C built-in potential||V||0.75||
|-
|mjc_bjt||B-C junction exponential factor||-||0.33||
|-
|tf_bjt||ideal forward transit time||sec||0||
|-
|tr_bjt||ideal reverse transit time||sec||0||
|-
|is_d||diode saturation current||A||1.0e-12||
|-
|rs_d||diode resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|n_d||diode emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|cjo_d||diode junction capacitance||F||0||
|-
|vj_d||diode junction potential||V||1||
|-
|m_d||diode grading coefficient|| ||0.5||
|-
|tnom||parameter measurement temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|r1||first base-emitter resistance||Ohms||1k||
|-
|r2||second base-emitter resistance||Ohms||1k||
|-
|}

==D Flip-Flop==

[[File:G52.png]]

The digital D-type flip-flop is a one-bit, edge-triggered storage element which stores data whenever the clock (CLK) input line transitions from 0 (low) to 1 (high). In addition, there are asynchronous set and reset signals, which are independent of the clock. When SET = RESET = 0, the data on the D line is transferred to the output Q on the rising edge of the clock. The combination SET = 1 and RESET = 0, causes Q = 1. The combination SET = 0 and RESET = 1 causes Q = 0. The combination SET = RESET = 1 is illegal and is resolved by setting both outputs Q and Q_bar to 1.

Truth Table: 

<table>
<tr>
<td>
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! CLK !! D !! Q !! Notes
|-
|[[File:NonRising.png]] || X || Q<sub>prev</sub> || Hold State
|-
|[[File:Rising.png]] || 0 || 0 || Data Transfer
|-
|[[File:Rising.png]] || 1 || 1 || Data Transfer
|-
|}
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==D Latch==

[[File:G54.png]]

The digital D-type latch is a one-bit, level-sensitive storage element which outputs the value on the data (D) line whenever the enable (EN) input line is 1 (high). The value on the data line is stored, i.e., held on the output (Q) line whenever the enable (EN) line is 0 (low). In addition, there are set and reset signals, which are independent of the enable line. When SET = RESET = 0, the data on the D line is transferred to the output Q whenever EN = 1. The combination SET = 1 and RESET = 0, causes Q = 1. The combination SET = 0 and RESET = 1 causes Q = 0. The combination SET = RESET = 1 is illegal and is resolved by setting both outputs Q and Q_bar to 1.

Truth Table: 

<table>
<tr>
<td>
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! EN !! D !! Q !! Notes
|-
|0 || X || Q<sub>prev</sub> || Hold State
|-
|1 || 0 || 0 || Reset
|-
|1 || 1 || 1 || Set
|-
|}
</td>
</tr>
</table>

== DC Bias Sources Vcc, Vee, Vdd, Vss ==

[[File:GL12.png]]

These are simple 1-pin DC voltage sources. Vcc and Vdd provide a positive voltage, while Vee and Vss provide a negative voltage

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|vcc||bias voltage||V||+15||required
|-
|vee||bias voltage||V||-15||required
|-
|vdd||bias voltage||V||+15||required
|-
|vss||bias voltage||V||-15||required
|-
|}

==Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) Bridge==

[[File:GK43.png]]

The DAC Bridge takes a digital value from a digital node and can only be eiter &quot;0&quot;, &quot;1&quot;,
or &quot;U&quot;. It then outputs the value &quot;out_low&quot;, &quot;out_high&quot; or &quot;out_udndef&quot;,
or ramps linearly toward one of these &quot;final&quot; values from its curent analog output level. This
ramping speed depends on the values of &quot;t_rise&quot; and &quot;t_fall&quot;.

Model Identifier: dac_bridge

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; [&lt;in_pin&gt; {&lt;in2_pin&gt;&gt; ...}] [&lt;out_pin&gt; {&lt;out2_pin&gt; ...}] &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; dac_bridge {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A [1] [2] dac_bridge

.model dac_bridge dac_bridge out_low = 0 fall_delay = 1n 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|out_low||analog output for 0 digital input||V||0||required
|-
|out_high||analog output for 1 digital input||V||1||required
|-
|out_undef||analog output for undefined digital input||V||0.5||required
|-
|input_load||capacitive input load||F||1p|| 
|-
|t_rise||L-to-H delay time||sec||1n|| 
|-
|t_fall||H-to-L delay time||sec||1n|| 
|-
|}

==Diode==

[[File:G9.png]]

Diodes allow current flow only in one direction, following their symbol's arrow, and thus can be used as simple solid
state switches in AC circuits.

The standard device parameters are AREA, OFF, IC, and T.  They are described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AREA||area factor (optional) (If not specified, the default value is 1.0.)
|-
|OFF||initial condition for the DC analysis (optional)
|-
|IC||initial condition (optional) (Used when a transient analysis is desired, which starts from other than the quiescent operating point.)
|-
|T||operating temperature of the device (optional)
|-
|}

The process models can be either junction diodes or Schottky barrier diodes.  Area factor scales the model parameters
IS, RS, CJO, and IBV.  VD is the initial voltage, and TEMP is the overriding temperature. Descriptions of the process model parameters are given in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|IS||saturation current||A||1e-14||
|-
|TNOM||parameter measurement temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|RS||ohmic resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|N||emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|TT||transit-time||sec||0||
|-
|CJO||zero-bias junction capacitance||F||0||
|-
|VJ||junction potential||V||1||
|-
|M||grading coefficient||-||0.5||
|-
|EG||activation energy||eV||1.11||
|-
|XTI||saturation current temp. exp.||-||3.0||
|-
|KF||flicker noise coefficient||-||0||
|-
|AF||flicker noise exponent||-||1||
|-
|FC||forward bias junction fit parameter||-||0.5||
|-
|BV||reverse breakdown voltage||V||inf||
|-
|IBV||current at breakdown voltage||A||1e-3||
|-
|}

==Diode Bridge==

[[File:GK107.png]]

This four-pin device is a bridge configuration of four generic diodes.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|IS||saturation current||A||1e-14||
|-
|RS||ohmic resistance||Ohms||0||
|-
|N||emission coefficient||-||1||
|-
|TT||transit-time||sec||0||
|-
|CJO||zero-bias junction capacitance||F||10p||
|-
|VJ||junction potential||V||1||
|-
|M||grading coefficient||-||0.5||
|-
|BV||reverse breakdown voltage||V||1000||
|-
|IBV||current at breakdown voltage||A||1e-3||
|-
|TNOM||parameter measurement temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|}

==Doubly Center-Tapped Ferrite Core Transformer==

[[File:GK98.png]]

This six-pin four-port device models a doubly center-tapped physical transformer with a magnetic ferrite core. Its model is based on XSPICE's magnetic core and inductive coupling models. For this device you need to specify physical parameters like cross sectional area, core length and number of primary and secondary turns. The physical model of the magnetic device is defined by two vectors: magnetic field intensity H in A/m and magnetic flux density B (also known as magnetic induction) in Tesla. The default array values are:
   
H_array = [-250 -100 -50 -37.5 -25 -12.5 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 100 250]

B_array = [-0.375 -0.36 -0.32 -0.29 -0.24 -0.15 0 0.15 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.375]

To change the value of H/B arrays, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|n_prim||number of full-winding primary inductor coupling turns||-||100||required
|-
|n_sec||number of full-winding secondary inductor coupling turns||-||100||required
|-
|area||cross-sectional area||m<sup>2</sup>||1e-5||
|-
|length||core length||m||0.01||
|-
|}

== DPDT Switch ==

[[File:GK74.png]]

This is an 8-pin device that models a double-pole double-throw switch. It has two input signals and four output pins. When the control voltage is at the high state, the first and second input voltages are transferred to the first and third output pins, respectively. When the control voltage is at the low state, the first and second input voltages are transferred to the second and fourth output pins, respectively.      

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|von||turn-on voltage||V||3.3||
|-
|voff||turn-off voltage||V||0.3||
|-
|vt||threshold voltage||V||1.0||
|-
|ron||on resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|roff||off resistance||Ohms||1Gig||
|-
|}

== DPST Switch ==

[[File:GK73.png]]

This is a 6-pin device that models a double-pole single-throw switch. It has two input signals and two output signals. When the switch on, the first and second input voltages are transferred to the first and second output pins, respectively. When the switch is off, the output pin do not receive any input signals.     

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|von||turn-on voltage||V||3.3||
|-
|voff||turn-off voltage||V||0.3||
|-
|vt||threshold voltage||V||1.0||
|-
|ron||on resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|roff||off resistance||Ohms||1Gig||
|-
|}

==Ferrite Core Transformer==

[[File:GK95.png]]

This four-pin two-port device models a physical transformer with a magnetic ferrite core. Its model is based on XSPICE's magnetic core and inductive coupling models. For this device you need to specify physical parameters like cross sectional area, core length and number of primary and secondary turns. The physical model of the magnetic device is defined by two vectors: magnetic field intensity H in A/m and magnetic flux density B (also known as magnetic induction) in Tesla. The default array values are:
   
H_array = [-250 -100 -50 -37.5 -25 -12.5 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 100 250]

B_array = [-0.375 -0.36 -0.32 -0.29 -0.24 -0.15 0 0.15 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.375]

To change the value of H/B arrays, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|n_prim||number of primary turns||-||100||required
|-
|n_sec||number of secondary turns||-||100||required
|-
|area||cross-sectional area||m<sup>2</sup>||1e-5||
|-
|length||core length||m||0.01||
|-
|}

== FM Modulated Source ==

[[File:GL24.png]]

This is a voltage source with a single-tone frequency modulated waveform. The FM modulation index MDI is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to maximum signal amplitude. 
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|V0||offset||V||0||
|-
|VA||amplitude||V||1||
|-
|FC||carrier frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|MDI||modulation index||-||0||required
|-
|FS||signal frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|}

==Frequency Meter==
[[File:G114.png]]

The Frequency Meter is a four-pin shunt device that is connected in parallel with an AC source just like a voltmeter and measures the operating frequency of the AC circuit. The input pins are connected across the AC source. The voltage across the output pins is equal to the frequency of the source in Hertz within a scale factor SF. Note that the Frequency Meter is designed to work with a single-tone AC source of unit amplitude. If the amplitude of the source is not one, multiply the SF parameter by the non-unit source amplitude value. The output voltage of the Frequency Meter can be used in conjunction with linear or nonlinear dependent sources to model frequency-dependent quantities.


Model Identifier: fmeter


Parameters:

The only parameter is the scale factor SF with a default value of 1.0. Set SF = 1e-6 to read out the frequency in MHz. Set SF = 1e-9 to read out the frequency in GHz. Set SF = 6.283185 (2*pi) to read out the angular frequency &omega; in radian/s.  

== Fuse ==

[[File:GK76.png]]

This is a 2-pin interactive current-controlled switch. If the current passing through the fuse is less than a specified threshold current, the switch is closed. If the current exceeds the threshold level, the fuse breaks and remains open thereafter. The device's symbol changes to display its state.   

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|r||resistance when intact||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|i_thresh||threshold current||A||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ground==

[[File:G15.png]]

Ground has a voltage of zero (0) and is used as a reference to compute electrical values in the circuit. 
All circuits <B>must</B> be grounded to be properly simulated.  There is no limit on the number of grounds
you may use in a circuit.  All components connected to ground are referenced to a common point and treated
as linked through ground.

==Hysteresis Block (XSPICE)==

[[File:G37.png]]

The Hysteresis block is a simple buffer stage that provides hysteresis of the output with respect to the
input.  The in_low and in_high parameter values.  The output values are limited to out_lower_limit and
out_upper_limit.  The value of \93hyst\94 is added to the in_low and in_high points in order to specify the
points at which the slope of the hysteresis function would normally change abruptly as the input transitions
from a low to a high value.  Likewise, the value of \93hyst\94 is subtracted from the in_high and in_low values
in order to specify the points at which the slope of the hysteresis function would normally change abruptly
as the input transitions from a high to a low value.  In fact, the slope of the hysteresis function is
never allowed to change abruptly but is smoothly varied whenever the input_dowmain smoothing parameter
is set greater than zero.

Model Identifier: hyst

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;in_pin&gt; &lt;out_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; hyst {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 1  2 hysteresis_block

.model hysteresis_block hyst  in_low = 0.0    in_high = 1.0

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Description!!Default
|-
|In_low||input low value||0.0
|-
|in_high||input high value||1.0
|-
|hyst||hysteresis||0.1
|-
|out_lower_limit||output lower limit||0.0
|-
|out_upper_limit||output upper limit||1.0
|-
|input_domain||input smoothing domain||0.01
|-
|fraction||smoothing fraction/absolute value switch||true
|-
|}

==Ideal Buffer Block==

[[File:GL40.png]]

This model is an ideal buffer block with a default unity gain. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|r_in||input resistance||&Omega;||1G||
|-
|r_out||output resistance||&Omega;||1u||
|-
|gain||gain||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ideal Center-Tapped Transformer with Push-Pull Input==

[[File:XFMR4.png]]

The ideal center-tapped transformer with push-pull input is a five-pin three-port device with two primary input ports and one secondary output port. Its model is based on the [[Glossary_of_Generic_Analog_Devices#Ideal_Transformer | Ideal Transformer]], and the relationship between its primary and secondary voltages is given by:

<math> \frac{v_P1}{v_S} = \frac{v_P2}{v_S} = n </math>

where v<sub>S</sub> is the secondary voltage, v<sub>P1</sub> is measured between the top primary pin P1 and the center tap pin, and v<sub>P2</sub> is measured between the center tap pin and the bottom primary pin P2. The red dots show the polarity of the windings on each side. This model has one parameter: ratio = n = N<sub>P1</sub>/N<sub>S</sub> = N<sub>P2</sub>/N<sub>S</sub>, which represents the primary-to-secondary (half-winding) turns ratio.        

==Ideal Center-Tapped Transformer with Push-Pull Output==

[[File:XFMR3.png]]

The ideal center-tapped transformer with push-pull output is a five-pin three-port device with one primary input port and two secondary output ports. Its model is based on the [[Glossary_of_Generic_Analog_Devices#Ideal_Transformer | Ideal Transformer]], and the relationship between its primary and secondary voltages is given by:

<math> \frac{v_P}{v_{S1}} = \frac{v_P}{v_{S2}} = n </math>

where v<sub>P</sub> is the primary voltage, v<sub>S1</sub> is measured between the top secondary pin S1 and the center tap pin, and v<sub>S2</sub> is measured between the center tap pin and the bottom secondary pin S2. The red dots show the polarity of the windings on each side. This model has one parameter: ratio = n = N<sub>P</sub>/N<sub>S1</sub> = N<sub>P</sub>/N<sub>S2</sub>, which represents the primary-to-secondary (half-winding) turns ratio.

==Ideal Comparator Block==

[[File:GL51.png]]

This block is an ideal two-signal voltage comparator with a default unity gain. It has a binary output that takes a value of 0V if v<sub>pos</sub> < v<sub>neg</sub> and takes a value of 1V if v<sub>pos</sub> > v<sub>neg</sub>. If v<sub>pos</sub> = v<sub>neg</sub>, the output voltage is 0.5V.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|gain||comparator gain||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ideal Delay Block==

[[File:GL44.png]]

This model is an ideal signal delay block based on an ideal delay line model. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|delay||time delay||sec||1u||
|-
|}

==Ideal Diode==

[[File:GK106.png]]

This 2-pin device is a very basic and primitive model of a diode as a rectifier or switch. When the voltage across the device's terminals is positive, it acts as a short circuit. When the voltage across the device's terminals is negative, it acts as an open circuit.   

Parameters: 

None

==Ideal Full-Wave Rectifier Block==

[[File:GL47.png]]

This block rectifies an input signal at both positive and negative cycles with a default unity gain. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|gain||rectifier gain||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ideal Gyrator Block==

[[File:GL48.png]]

An ideal gyrator is a linear two-port device which couples the current on one port to the voltage on the other and vice versa. The instantaneous voltages and currents instantaneous are related by:

:<math>v_{out}(t) = R \cdot i_{in}(t) </math>

:<math>v_{in}(t) = - R \cdot i_{out}(t) </math>

The ideal gyrator acts as an impedance inverter. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|r||gyration resistance||&Omega;||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ideal Half-Wave Rectifier Block==

[[File:GL46.png]]

This block rectifies an input signal at positive cycles with a default unity gain. Its output at negative cycles is zero. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|gain||rectifier gain||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)==

[[File:GK105.png]]

This is a very basic and primitive model of an operational amplifier. It has only one parameter, open loop gain with a default value of 50,000, which is adequate for most cases. The ideal Op-Amp device doesn't require any DC bias voltages. 
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|A||open loop gain||-||50,000||
|-
|}

==Ideal Phase Shifter Block==

[[File:GL45.png]]

This model is an ideal signal phase shifter block based on an ideal transmission line segment model. It is frequency-dependent and the signal phase shift is accurate only around the specified center frequency.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|phi||phase shift||deg||90||must be positive
|-
|fo||center frequency||Hz||1Meg||
|-
|}

==Ideal Polarity Detector Block==

[[File:GL66.png]]

This 3-pin device measures the difference signal &Delta;v = v<sub>pos</sub> - v<sub>neg</sub> and produces a binary output &plusmn;A according to the sign of &Delta;v, where A is a user defined amplitude. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|MaxVal||output amplitude||V||1||
|-
|}

==Ideal Splitter Block==

[[File:GL41.png]]

This model is an ideal signal splitter block with a default one-half split ratio. It splits the input signal by a ratio of k:(1-k).

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|k||split ratio||-||0.5||
|-
|}

==Ideal Transformer==

[[File:XFMR1.png]]

The ideal transformer is a four-pin two-port device with the following relationship between the voltages and currents at its primary and secondary ports:

<math> \frac{v_P}{v_S} = - \frac{i_S}{i_P} = \frac{N_P}{N_S} = n </math>

where v<sub>P</sub>, i<sub>P</sub>, N<sub>P</sub> are the primary voltage, current and number of turns, respectively, and v<sub>S</sub>, i<sub>S</sub>, N<sub>S</sub> are the secondary voltage, current and number of turns, respectively. The red dots show the polarity of the windings on each side. This model has one parameter: ratio = n = N<sub>P</sub>/N<sub>S</sub>, which represents the primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Note that the ideal transformer model is defined based on controlled sources and does not involve any magnetic physical parameters as opposed to mutual inductors or ferrite core transformer.

== Impulse Generator ==

[[File:GL19.png]]

This is a voltage source that generates a periodic impulse train with oscillating between zero and a user defined maximum voltage level. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|T||impulse period||sec||1u||required
|-
|duty_cycle||impulse duty cycle||-||0.01||required
|-
|max_val||maximum output voltage level||V||1|| 
|-
|delay||delay time||sec||0|| 
|-
|}

==Inductance Meter==

[[File:G37.png]]

The Inductance Meter measures the total inductance between a circuit node and the ground. The input pin of the device is connected to the measurement node. The output voltage of the device is then a scaled value equal to the total inductance seen on its input multiplied by the gain parameter. This model is primarily intended as a building block for other models which must sense an inductance value and alter their behavior based upon it. Care must be exercised when connecting an Inductance Meter to the inductors of a circuit. This is due to the fact that inductors are treated by SPICE as current sources. This can cause a problem when an inductor is connected in series with a current source, or in series with a voltmeter, or in series with another inductor. 

Model Identifier: lmeter

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;in_pin&gt; &lt;out_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; imeter {&lt;gain = value&gt;}

Example:

A1 1  2 inductance_meter

.model inductance_meter lmeter  gain = 1 

Parameters:

The only parameter is the gain with a default value of 1.0.

==Inductive Coupler Block==

[[File:GK99.png]]

The Inductive Coupler Block couples any two existing inductors. This block doesn't have any pins because it doesn't actually represent inductors, only the coupling between them. This is useful if you want to
couple two inductors that are in different parts of the circuit, or if you want to couple more than two inductors together. In the latter case, use more than one of these, with each one coupling a pair of inductors.

The standard parameters are Inductor1, Inductor2, and k. Inductor1 is the name of first inductor, Inductor2 is the name of the second inductor, and k is the coefficient of coupling, 0 &lt; k &le; 1.

==Inductive Coupling (XSPICE)==

[[File:G41.png]]

This function is a conceptual model which is used as a building block to create a wide variety of inductive and magnetic circuit models. This function is normally used in
conjunction with the “core” model, but it can also be used with resistors, hysteresis blocks, etc. to build up systems which mock the behavior of linear and nonlinear components.
The lcouple takes as an input (on the “l” port) a current. This current value is multiplied by the num_turns value, N, to produce an output value (a voltage value which appears on the
mmf_out port). The mmf_out acts similar to a magnetomotive force in a magnetic circuit;
when the lcouple is connected to the “core” model, or to some other resistive device, a current will flow. This current value (which is modulated by whatever the lcouple is
connected to) is then used by the lcouple to calculate a voltage “seen” at the “l” port. The voltage is a function of the derivative with respect to time of the current value seen at mmf_out.

The most common use for lcouple will be as a building block in the construction of transformer models. To create a transformer with a single input and a single output, you
would require two lcouple models plus one “core” model. 

Example:

A1 (1 0) (2 3) lcouple1

.model lcouple1 lcouple ( num_turns = 10 )

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|num_turns||number of turns||-||1||required
|-
|}

==Inductor==

[[File:GK121.png]]

Inductors are used to store magnetic energy. An inductor's ability to counteract current changes passing through it is called its inductance (L), which is
measured in Henrys. In a (steady-state) DC analysis, the inductor acts like a short circuit. It is indeed treated as a current source, which can be problematic if an inductor is connected in series with a current source, or in series with a voltmeter, or in series with another inductor. The resistor may be of negligible value or one that accounts for the coil resistance of the inductor. In AC and transient analyses, the inductor develops a voltage across it in response to the changing magnetic
flux within its coil. 

An inductor's transient behavior is described by the equation:

v(t) = L*(di(t)/dt) 

The inductor's initial condition is optional. It is the initial value of the inductor current in Amperes that flows from node N+ through the inductor to node N-. The only time that the initial current matters is when the simulator performs a transient analysis, and the "Use Initial Conditions" checkbox is checked. 

An inductor's AC behavior is described by the equation: 

v = j &omega; * L * i

All inductor names must begin with L.

Netlist Format: 

L<device_name> <N+> <N-> <value> 

Example: 

L1 1 2 10u

==Inductor with Ferrite Core==

[[File:GK94.png]]

This 2-pin device models a physical inductor with a magnetic ferrite core. Its model is based on XSPICE's magnetic core and inductive coupling models. Unlike the standard inductor device, you do not specify an inductance value for the inductor with ferrite core. Rather, you specify physical parameters like cross sectional area, core length and number of turns. The physical model of the magnetic device is defined by two vectors: magnetic field intensity H in A/m and magnetic flux density B (also known as magnetic induction) in Tesla. The default array values are:
   
H_array = [-250 -100 -50 -37.5 -25 -12.5 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 100 250]

B_array = [-0.375 -0.36 -0.32 -0.29 -0.24 -0.15 0 0.15 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.375]

To change the value of H/B arrays, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|n_turns||number of turns||-||100||required
|-
|area||cross-sectional area||m<sup>2</sup>||1e-5||
|-
|length||core length||m||0.01||
|-
|}

== Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)==

[[File:GK111.png]]

This is a 3-pin parameterized Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) device with three pins: Collector(C), Gate (G), and Emitter (E). It is primarily used as a fast electronic switch. The IGBT combines the simple gate-drive characteristics of MOSFETs with the high-current and low-saturation-voltage capability of bipolar transistors. The device's model consists of an isolated gate FET for the control input, and a PNP bipolar power transistor as a switch. To further modify the internal device models, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text.    

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|cap||parasitic capacitance||F||1n||
|-
|rg||gate resistance||Ohms||5||
|-
|re||emitter resistance||Ohms||0.05||
|-
|bf||pnp transistor forward beta||-||1||
|-
|vto||MOSFET threshold voltage||V||5||
|-
|kt||MOSFET transconductance||-||2.99||
|-
|cgso||MOSFET voltage gate-source overlap capacitance||F||5u||
|-
|nd||diode emission coefficient||-||50||
|-
|cjo||diode junction capacitance||F||1n||
|-
|}

== Integer Modulo Block ==

[[File:GL58.png]]

This 3-pin device requires a voltage with an integer value on its second input pin. It produces a voltage equal to v<sub>in1</sub> % v<sub>in2</sub> and sends it to the output with a default unity gain.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|gain||gain||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Integrator Block==

[[File:G32.png]]

The Integrator Gain and input offset parameters are also included to allow for tailoring of the required
signa.  Output upper and lower limits are also included to prevent convergence errors resulting from excessively
large output values.  Note that these limits specify integrator behavior similar to that found in an operational
amplifier-based integration stage, in that once a limit is reached, additional storage does not occur. 
Thus the input of a negative value to an integrator which is currently driving at the out_upper_limit
level will immediately cause a drop in the output, regardless of how long the integrator was previously
summing positive inputs.  The incremental value of output below the output_upper_limit and above the output_lower_limit
at which smoothing begins is specified via the limit_range parameter.  In AC analysis, the value returned
is equal to the gain divided by the radian frequency of analysis.

Note that truncation error checking is included in the \93int\94 block.  This should provide for a more accurate
simulation for the time integration function, since the model will inherently request smaller time increments
between simulation points if truncation errors would otherwise be excessive.

Model Identifier: int

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;in_pin&gt; &lt;out_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; int  out_lower_limit = &lt;value&gt;  out_upper_limit = &lt;value&gt; {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 1  2 integrator_block

.model integrator_block int    out_lower_limit = -1t    out_upper_limit = 1t

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|gain||gain||-||1.0|| 
|-
|in_offset||output offset||V||0.0|| 
|-
|out_lower_limit||output lower limit||V||-1t||required
|-
|out_upper_limit||output upper limit||V||1t||required
|-
|limit_range||upper and lower limit smoothing range||-||1.0e-6|| 
|-
|out_ic||output initial condition||V||0.0|| 
|-
|}

==Interactive Switch==

[[File:GK75.png]]

This device is an interactive switch that can be closed or opened either directly from the Schematic Editor by clicking on its symbol or from the Instrument Panel.

==Interdigital Capacitor==
[[File:G97.png]]

This is a four-pin, two-port device that models a planar interdigital capacitor. 

Model Identifier: interdigital

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|w||finger strip width||mm||0.1||
|-
|s||finger strip spacing||mm||0.1||
|-
|N||number of fingers||-||5||
|-
|l||capacitor length||mm||1.0||
|-
|h||substrate thickness||mm||1.6||
|-
|er||substrate relative permittivity||-||2.2||
|-
|}

==Inverted Microstrip Line==
[[File:GK62.png]]

This is a four-pin, two-port device that models an inverted microstrip line segment on a single-layer dielectric slab/substrate placed at a specified height above a ground plane.  

Model Identifier: microstrip-inverted

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|w||microstrip width||mm||4.8||
|-
|h||substrate thickness||mm||1.6||
|-
|er||substrate relative permittivity||-||2.2||
|-
|b||microstrip height above ground||mm||1.6||
|-
|len||microstrip length||m||10||
|-
|}

==Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)==

[[File:G12.png]]

The JFET is the simplest transistor device and has three pins: gate, drain and source. The JFET defaults are based on the Shichman and Hodges FET model. This is a square-law device because of the expression relating the drain current to the gate-to-source voltage: 
Idrain=*(VGS-Vthreshold)2.  In real JFETs, near the saturation point, the drain currents vary with the drain voltages. This can be modeled by the following formula:  Idrain=*(VGS-VTO)2*(1+*VDS), which yields an increasing
drain current for increasing values of VDS.

The gate-to-source and gate-to-drain junctions each have a nonlinear capacitor.  The zero-bias capacitance value is selected for each junction.

The standard device parameters are AREA, OFF, IC, and T.  They are described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AREA||area factor (optional) (If not specified, the default value is 1.0.)
|-
|OFF||initial condition for the DC analysis (optional)
|-
|IC||initial condition (optional) (Used when a transient analysis is desired, which starts from other than the quiescent operating point.)
|-
|T||operating temperature of the device (optional)
|-
|}

The process model parameters are listed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|VTO||threshold voltage||V||-2||-2
|-
|BETA||transconductance parameter||A/V2||1.0e-4||1.0e-3
|-
|LAMBDA||channel-length modulation parameter||1/V||0||1.0e-4
|-
|RD||drain ohmic resistance||ohms||0||100
|-
|RS||source ohmic resistance||ohms||0||100
|-
|CGS||zero-bias G-S junction capacitance||F||0||5pF
|-
|CGD||zero-bias G-D junction capacitance||F||0||1pF
|-
|PB||gate junction potential||V||1||0.6
|-
|IS||gate junction saturation current||A||1.0e-14||1.0e-14
|-
|B||doping tail parameter|| ||1||1.1
|-
|KF||flicker-noise coefficient|| ||0|| 
|-
|AF||flicker-noise exponent|| ||1|| 
|-
|FC||coefficient for forward-bias depletion capacitance formula|| ||0.5|| 
|-
|TNOM||parameter measurement temperature||deg. C||27||50
|-
|}

== Light Emitting Diode (LED) ==

[[File:GK114.png]]

This is a two-pin parameterized diode device that emits light of a certain wavelength when it is forward-biased.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|rs||ohmic resistance||Ohms||10||
|-
|vj||junction potential||V||0.6||
|-
|cjo||zero bias junction capacitance||F||10p||
|-
|tt||transit time||sec||0.1n||
|-
|}

==Linear Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS)==

[[File:G2.png]]

The CCCS is a current source whose current is directly proportional to the current across a controlling Ammeter or a voltage source. There are two versions: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling Ammeter or voltage source, as well as the current gain, which has a default value of one. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling ammeter, and you just specify the current gain.   

Model Identifier: cccs

Netlist Format: 

F<device_name> <N+> <N-> <controlling_device_name> <value>

Example: 

F1 1 0 V1 1.0

==Linear Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)==

[[File:G4.png]]

The CCVS is a voltage source whose voltage is directly proportional to the current through a controlling ammeter or a voltage source. There are two versions: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling Ammeter or voltage source, as well as the trans-resistance gain, which has a default value of one. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling ammeter, and you just specify the trans-resistance gain.  

Model Identifier: ccvs

Netlist Format: 

H<device_name> <N+> <N-> <controlling_device_name> <value>

Example: 

H1 1 0 V1 1.0

==Linear Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS)==

[[File:G3.png]]

The VCCS is a current source whose current is directly proportional to the voltage across a controlling voltmeter or the voltage between two circuit nodes. There are two versions: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling voltmeter or the two controlling nodes, as well as the trans-conductance gain, which has a default value of one. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling voltmeter, and you just specify the trans-conductance gain.  

Model Identifier: vccs

Netlist Format: 

G<device_name> <N+> <N-> <NC+> <NC-> <value>

Example: 

G1 1 0 2 0 1.0

==Linear Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)==

[[File:G1.png]]

The VCVS is a voltage source whose voltage is directly proportional to the voltage across a controlling voltmeter of the voltage between two circuit nodes. There are two versions: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling voltmeter or the two controlling nodes, as well as the voltage gain, which has a default value of one. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling voltmeter, and you just specify the voltage gain.  

Model Identifier: vcvs

Netlist Format: 

E<device_name> <N+> <N-> <NC+> <NC-> <value>

Example: 

E1 1 0 2 0 1.0

==Lossless Transmission Line==

[[File:G21.png]]

The lossless transmission line is a four-pin two-port device that models only one propagating mode of an ideal transmission line.  When using this SPICE model, should all four nodes of the actual circuit be distinct, two modes may be activated, and this device would be insufficient for that purpose. To circumvent this potential problem, two transmission line devices would be required. Due to the implementation details, you may produce more accurate simulation results with a lossy transmission line device with zero loss.

Optional initial condition parameters are the voltage and current at each of the transmission line ports.

The standard device parameters are Z0, TD, F, NL, IC, described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Z0||characteristic impedance
|-
|TD||transmission delay
|-
|F||frequency
|-
|NL||normalized electrical length of the transmission line with respect to the wavelength in the line at frequency F. (If F is specified, but NL is not, the default is 0.25.)
|-
|IC||initial condition (Specifies the voltage and current at each of the transmission line ports.)
|-
|}

==Lossy Transmission Line==

[[File:G22.png]]

The lossy transmission line is a four-pin two-port convolution model for uniform constant-parameter distributed lines. MNAME is the process model name, which
includes a set of pre-specified options as described below.

The device model [[parameters]] are listed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|R||resistance /length||Ohm /m||0.0||0.2
|-
|L||inductance/length||henrys/m||0.0||9.13e-9
|-
|C||capacitance/length||farads/m||0.0||3.65e-12
|-
|LEN||length of line||m||none||1.0
|-
|LININTERP||use linear interpolation||flag||not set||set
|-
|QUADINTERP||use quadratic interpolation||flag||not set||set
|-
|MIXEDINTERP||use linear when quadratic seems bad||flag||not set||set
|-
|COMPACTREL||special reltol for straight line checking||flag||RETOL||1.0e-3
|-
|COMPACTABS||special abstol for straight line checking||flag||ABSTOL||1.0e-9
|-
|NOCONTROL||don't do complex time control||flag||not set||set
|-
|STEPLIMIT||always limit timestep to 0.8*(delay of line)|| || || 
|-
|NOSTEPLIMIT||don't always limit timestep to 0.8*(delay of line)||flag||not set||set
|-
|TRUNCNR||use Newton-Raphson method for timestep calculation in LTRAtrunc||flag||not set||set
|-
|TRUNCDONTCUT||don't limit timestep to keep impulse-response errors low||flag||not set||set
|-
|}

<P CLASS="Normal-1">
The RLC (uniform transmission line with series loss only), RC (uniform RC line), LC (lossless transmission
line), and RG (distributed series resistance and parallel conductance only) lines have been implemented. 
The length (LEN) must be given.  COMPACTREL and COMPACTABS control the compaction of past history values
used in convolution.  Larger values for these lower accuracy but improve speed.  These are used with the
TRYTOCOMPACT option. </P>

==Magnetic Core (XSPICE)==

[[File:G42.png]]

This device is used as a building block to create a wide variety of inductive and magnetic circuit models. It is almost always to be used in conjunction with the "lcouple" model to build up systems which simulate the behavior of linear and nonlinear magnetic components. There are two fundamental modes of operation for the core model. These are the "PWL" mode (which is the default and most
likely to be of use to you) and the "Hysteresis" mode.

<b>PWL Mode (mode = 1)</b>

In the PWL mode, the model takes a voltage as input which it treats as a magnetomotive force (mmf) value. This value is divided by the total effective length of the core to produce a value for the Magnetic Field Intensity, H, which is then used to find the corresponding Flux Density, B, using the piecewise linear relationship described by you in the H_array / B_array coordinate pairs. B is then multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the core to find the Flux value, which is output as a current. The pertinent mathematical equations are:

H = mmf / L, where L = Length (in apmere-turns/meter)

B = f(H)

&Phi; = B * A, where A = Area

The B value is derived from a piecewise linear transfer function described to the model by the H_array and B_array coordinate pairs.  This transfer function does not include hysteretic effects; for that, you would need to substitute a HYST model for the core. The magnetic flux value &Phi; in turn is used by the "lcouple"
code model to obtain a value for the voltage reflected back across its terminals to the driving electrical circuit.

<b>Hysteresis Mode (mode = 2)</b>

In the Hysteresis mode, the model takes a voltage as input which it treats as a magnetomotive force (mmf)
value.  This value is used as input to the equivalent of a hysteresis code model block.  The parameters
defining the input low and high values, the output low and high values, and the amount of hysteresis are
as in that model. The output from this mode, as in PWL mode, is a current value which is seen across the magnetic core port.

One final note to be made about the two core models is that certain parameters are specific to one or the other.  In particular, the in_low, in_high, out_lower_limit, out_upper_limit, and hysteresis parameters are not available in PWL mode. Likewise, the H_array, B_array, area, ad length values are unavailable
in Hysteresis mode.  The input_domain and fraction parameters are common to both modes (though their behavior is somewhat different; for explanation of the input_domain and fraction values for the Hysteresis mode, please refer to the Hysteresis Block discussion.

Model Identifier: core

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;mc1 _pin&gt; &lt;mc2_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; core area = &lt;value&gt; length = &lt;value&gt; H_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt;]    B_array = [&lt;value1&gt;  &lt;value2&gt;]
{&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 1  2 core

.model core core  area = 1 length = 1  H_array = [0 1]    B_array = [0 1]  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Description!!Default!!Notes
|-
|H_array||magnetic field array||[0 1]||required
|-
|B_array||flux density array||[0 1]||required
|-
|Area||cross-sectional area||1||required
|-
|Length||core length||1||required
|-
|Input_domain||input smoothing domain||0.01|| 
|-
|Fraction||smoothing fraction/abs switch||True|| 
|-
|Mode||mode switch (1=pwl, 2=hyst)||1|| 
|-
|In_low||input low value||0.0|| 
|-
|In_high||input high value||1.0|| 
|-
|Hyst||hysteresis||0.1|| 
|-
|Out_lower_limit||output lower limit||0.0|| 
|-
|Out_upper_limit||output upper limit||1.0|| 
|-
|}

==Marker==

[[File:G16.png]]

The marker serves several purposes:

* It can appear as a default plot in simulations if the &quot;Voltage Probe&quot; box is checked.

* It can be used to set the initial voltage or voltage guess at the node it is connected to.

* It can be used as a port for a subcircuit when you choose the checkbox labeled "Use as Subcircuit Port" is checked.

* It can be used to explicitly set a node number in place of the arbitrarily assigned node number by the program. In this case, make sure the &quot;Set Node Index&quot; box is checked.  Otherwise, it will act as just a voltage probe.

* It can be used to connect different parts of a circuit in place of wires. To use markers as virtual connectors, place them at points where wires would otherwise connect. Then set the Part Title of the two (or more) markers to the same name, and they will act as a single circuit node.

==MESFET==

[[File:G14.png]]

The MESFET is a Schottky-barrier gate FET with six times greater electron mobility than silicon.  MESFETs are important devices for creating high frequency circuits. They function by creating a potential barrier between the gate and the channel when the metal gate
contacts the gallium-arsenide substrate. Electron velocity saturates for fields approximately ten times lower than with silicon.  The Curtice model includes linear and saturated operation.

The standard parameters are AREA, OFF, IC, and T.  They are described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|AREA||area factor (optional) (If not specified, the default value is 1.0.)
|-
|OFF||initial condition for the DC analysis (optional)
|-
|IC||initial condition (optional) (Used when a transient analysis is desired, which starts from other than the quiescent operating point.)
|-
|T||operating temperature of the device (optional)
|-
|}

All the MESFET process model parameters are described in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|VTO||pinch-off voltage||V||-2||-2
|-
|BETA||transconductance parameter||A/V2||1.0e-4||1.0e-3
|-
|B||doping tail extending parameter||1/V||0.3||0.3
|-
|ALPHA||saturation voltage parameter||1/V||2||2
|-
|LAMBDA||channel-length modulation parameter||1/V||0||1.0e-4
|-
|RD||drain ohmic resistance||Ohm||0||100
|-
|RS||source ohmic resistance||Ohm||0||100
|-
|CGS||zero-bias G-S junction capacitance||F||0||5pF
|-
|CGD||zero-bias G-D junction capacitance||F||0||1pF
|-
|PB||gate junction potential||V||1||0.6
|-
|KF||flicker noise coefficient||-||0|| 
|-
|AF||flicker noise exponent||-||1|| 
|-
|FC||coefficient for forward-bias depletion capacitance formula||-||0.5|| 
|-
|}

==MOSFET==

[[File:G13.png]]

The MOSFET is an active device that has up to 4 pins.  The three standard pins are gate, drain, and source.  These are given in the default symbol.  The bulk node, which is grounded by default, is the fourth pin.  The MOSFET with the bulk is named mos_n_lvl1_4 (the lvl1 is for level 1, the n for nmos, and the 4 for 4 pins.)

The standard [[parameters]] are L, W, AD, AS, PD, PS, NRD, NRS, OFF, IC, and T.  They are described below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|L||channel length, in meters
|-
|W||channel width, in meters
|-
|AD,AS||areas of the drain and source diffusions, in meters2
|-
|PD,PS||perimeters of drain and source junctions, in meters(They default to 0.0.)
|-
|NRD,NRS||equivalent number of squares of the drain and source diffusions (These values multiply the sheet resistance for an accurate representation of parasitic series drain and source resistance of each transistor. The default value is 1.0.)
|-
|OFF||initial condition for the DC analysis (optional)
|-
|IC||initial condition (optional) (Used when a transient analysis is desired, which starts from other than the quiescent operating point.)
|-
|T||operating temperature of the device (optional)
|-
|}

There are five different default models: square-law I-V characteristic, analytical, semi-empirical, and BSIM and BSIM2 (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model), which include second-order effects such as channel-length
modulation, subthreshold conduction, scattering-limited velocity saturation, small-size effects, and charge-controlled capacitance.  The process parameter LEVEL specifies which of the models is chosen as indicated below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|LEVEL 1||Schichman-Hodges
|-
|LEVEL 2||MOS2
|-
|LEVEL 3||MOS3
|-
|LEVEL 4||BSIM
|-
|LEVEL 5||BSIM2
|-
|LEVEL 6||MOS6
|-
|}

The process model [[parameters]] for levels 1,2,3, and 6 are listed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|LEVEL||model index|| ||1|| 
|-
|VTO||zero-bias threshold voltage||V||0.0||1.0
|-
|KP||transconductance parameter||A/V2||2e-5||3.1e-5
|-
|GAMMA||bulk threshold parameter||V1/2||0.0||0.37
|-
|PHI||surface potential||V||0.6||0.65
|-
|LAMBDA||channel-length modulation (level 1 & 2 only)||1/V||0.0||0.02
|-
|RD||drain ohmic resistance||ohms||0.0||1.0
|-
|RS||source ohmic resistance||ohms||0.0||1.0
|-
|CBD||zero-bias B-D junction capacitance||F||0.0||20fF
|-
|CBS||zero-bias B-S junction capacitance||F||0.0||20fF
|-
|IS||bulk junction saturation current||A||1.0e-14||1.0e-15
|-
|PB||bulk junction potential||V||0.8||0.87
|-
|CGSO||gate-source overlap capacitance per meter channel width||F/m||0.0||4.0e-11
|-
|CGDO||gate-drain overlap capacitance per meter channel width||F/m||0.0||4.0e-11
|-
|CGBO||gate-bulk overlap capacitance per meter channel length||F/m||0.0||2e-10
|-
|RSH||drain & source diffusion sheet resistance||ohm/area||0.0||10.0
|-
|CJ||zero-bias bulk junction bottom capacitance per meter2 junction area||F/m2||0.0||2e-4
|-
|MJ||bulk junction bottom grading coefficient|| ||0.5||0.5
|-
|CJSW||zero-bias bulk junction sidewall capacitance per meter junction perimeter||F/m||0.0||1.0e-9
|-
|MJSW||bulk junction sidewall grading coefficient|| ||0.5, 0.33 (level1), (level2,3)|| 
|-
|JS||bulk junction saturation current per meter2 of junction area||A/m2|| ||1.0e-8
|-
|TOX||oxide thickness||meter||1.0e-7||1.0e-7
|-
|NSUB||substrate doping||1/cm3||0.0||4.0e15
|-
|NSS||surface state density||1/cm2||0.0||1.0e10
|-
|NFS||fast surface state density||1/cm2||0.0||1.0e10
|-
|TPG||type gate material(+1 if opp. substrate, 0 if A1 gate, -1 if same as substrate)|| ||1.0|| 
|-
|XJ||metallurgical junction depth||meter||0.0||1
|-
|LD||lateral diffusion||meter||0.0||0.8
|-
|UO||surface mobility||cm2/Vs||600||700
|-
|UCRIT||critical field for mobility degradation (level2 only)||V/cm||1.0e4||1.0e4
|-
|UEXP||critical field exponent in mobility degradation (level2 only)|| ||0.0||0.1
|-
|UTRA||transverse field coefficient (deleted for level2)|| ||0.0||0.3
|-
|VMAX||maximum drift velocity of carriers||m/s||0.0||5.0e4
|-
|NEFF||total channel-charge (fixed and mobile) coefficient (level2 only)|| ||1.0||5.0
|-
|KF||flicker noise coefficient|| ||0.0||1.0e-26
|-
|AF||flicker noise exponent|| ||1.0||1.2
|-
|FC||coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula|| ||0.5|| 
|-
|DELTA||width effect on threshold voltage (level2,3)|| ||0.0||1.0
|-
|THETA||mobility modulation (level3 only)||1/V||0.0||0.1
|-
|ETA||static feedback (level3 only)|| ||0.0||1.0
|-
|KAPPA||saturation field factor (level3 only)|| ||0.2||0.5
|-
|TNOM||parameter measurement temperature||deg. C||27||50
|-
|}

The BSIM model has no default parameters, and leaving one out is considered an error.  The additional process model parameters for level 4 and 5 models are listed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS
|-
|VFB||flat-band voltage||V
|-
|PHI||surface inversion potential||V
|-
|K1||body effect coefficient||V1/2
|-
|K2||drain/source depletion charge-sharing coefficient|| 
|-
|ETA||zero-bias drain-induced barrier-lowering coefficient|| 
|-
|MUZ||zero-bias mobility||cm2/V-s
|-
|DL||shortening of channel||m
|-
|DW||narrowing of channel||m
|-
|U0||zero-bias transverse-field mobility degradation coefficient||V-1
|-
|U1||zero-bias velocity saturation coefficient||m/V
|-
|X2MZ||sens. of mobility to substrate bias at Vds=0||cm2/V2-s
|-
|X2E||sens. of drain-induced barrier lowering effect to substrate bias||V-1
|-
|X3E||sens. of drain-induced barrier lowering effect to drain bias at Vds= Vdd||V-1
|-
|X2U0||sens. of transverse field mobility degradation to substrate bias||V-2
|-
|X2U1||sens. of velocity saturation effect to substrate bias||mV-2
|-
|MUS||mobility at zero substrate bias and at Vds= Vdd||cm2/V2-s
|-
|X2MS||sens. of mobility to substrate bias at Vds= Vdd||cm2/V2-s
|-
|X3MS||sens. of mobility to drain bias at Vds= Vdd||cm2/V2-s
|-
|X3U1||sens. of velocity saturation effect on drain bias at Vds= Vdd||mV-2
|-
|TOX||gate oxide thickness||m
|-
|TEMP||temperature at which [[parameters]] were measured||deg. C
|-
|VDD||measurement bias range||V
|-
|CGDO||gate-drain overlap capacitance per meter channel width||F/m
|-
|CGSO||gate-source overlap capacitance per meter channel width||F/m
|-
|CGBO||gate-bulk overlap capacitance per meter channel length||F/m
|-
|XPART||gate-oxide capacitance-charge model flag|| 
|-
|N0||zero-bias subthreshold slope coefficient|| 
|-
|NB||sens. of subthreshold slope to substrate bias|| 
|-
|ND||sens. of subthreshold slope to drain bias|| 
|-
|RSH||drain and source diffusion sheet resistance||ohms/area
|-
|JS||source drain junction current density||A/m2
|-
|PB||built-in potential of source drain junction||V
|-
|MJ||grading coefficient of source drain junction|| 
|-
|PBSW||built-in potential of source drain junction sidewall||V
|-
|MJSW||grading coefficient of source drain junction sidewall|| 
|-
|CJ||source drain junction capacitance per unit area||F/ m2
|-
|CJSW||source drain junction sidewall capacitance per unit length||F/m
|-
|WDF||source drain junction default width||m
|-
|DELL||source drain junction length reduction||m
|-
|}

XPART=0 selects a 40/60 drain/source charge partition; XPART=1 selects a 0/100 partition.

==Mutual Inductors==

[[File:GK100.png]]

The mutual inductors device is a pair of inductors that are coupled to each other.  L1 and L2 are the names of two inductors. You have to specify the inductance of inductor L1, the inductance of inductor L2, the initial current through each, and the coupling coefficient k, 0 &le; k &le; 1. The mutual inductance M expressed in units of H can be calculated using the following definition:

<math> k = \frac{M}{\sqrt{L_1 L_2}} </math>

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|inductance1||inductance of inductor 1||H||1||
|-
|inductance2||inductance of inductor 2||H||1||
|-
|ic1||initial current through inductor 1||A||0||
|-
|ic2||initial current through inductor 2||A||0||
|-
|k||coefficient of coupling||-||1.0||
|-
|}

==Non-Ideal Current Transformer==

[[File:GK104.png]]

This 8-pin device models a non-ideal lossy current transformer. Its model consists of an ideal transformer with more secondary turns than primary turns along with a number of parasitic elements. The interior pins with red wires give you direct access to the primary and secondary pins of the internal ideal transformer. on each side of the internal ideal transformer, there is a series leakage inductance LL<sub>k</sub>, followed by a shunt winding capacitance CW<sub>k</sub> and a series winding resistance RW<sub>k</sub>, which connects to the exterior positive pin on that side. The inter-winding resistance R<sub>12</sub> is connected across the negative pins of the primary and secondary of the ideal transformer model. In a more complete model, an external inductor LM can be connected between the positive and negative interior pins of either the primary or secondary to account for the effects of the magnetization inductance. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|ratio||secondary-to-primary turns ratio||-||2||required
|-
|rw1||primary winding resistance||Ohms||0.1||
|-
|rw2||secondary winding resistance||Ohms||0.1||
|-
|ll1||primary leakage inductance||H||1m||
|-
|ll2||secondary leakage inductance||H||1m||
|-
|cw1||primary winding capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|cw2||secondary winding capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|r12||inter-winding resistance||Ohms||10Meg||
|-
|}

==Non-Ideal Diode==

[[File:G9.png]]

This 2-pin device is a basic simplified model of a diode as a rectifier or switch. When forward-biased, it acts as a low-valued voltage source. When reverse-biased, it acts as an open circuit until the reverse voltage exceeds the specified breakdown voltage. Then it acts as a high-valued voltage source of the reverse polarity. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|vf||forward drop voltage||V||0.5||required
|-
|vr||reverse breakdown voltage||V||100||required
|-
|}

==Non-Ideal Voltage Transformer==

[[File:GK103.png]]

This 8-pin device models a non-ideal lossy voltage transformer. Its model consists of an ideal transformer with more primary turns than secondary turns along with a number of parasitic elements. The interior pins with red wires give you direct access to the primary and secondary pins of the internal ideal transformer. There are series combinations of a winding resistance RW<sub>k</sub> and a leakage inductance LL<sub>k</sub> on the primary and secondary sides. These are connected between the positive interior and exterior pins on each side. There are also two shunt branches at the inputs of the primary and secondary sides (connected between the positive and negative exterior pins), each consisting of a distributed turn-to-turn winding resistance RDC<sub>k</sub> in series with a distributed turn-to-turn winding capacitance CW<sub>k</sub>. The inter-winding capacitance CWW<sub>12</sub> is connected across the positive pins of the primary and secondary of the ideal transformer model. In a more complete model, an external inductor LM can be connected between the positive and negative interior pins of either the primary or secondary to account for the effects of the magnetization inductance.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|ratio||primary-to-secondary turns ratio||-||2||required
|-
|rw1||primary winding resistance||Ohms||0.1||
|-
|rw2||secondary winding resistance||Ohms||0.1||
|-
|ll1||primary winding leakage inductance||H||1m||
|-
|ll2||secondary winding leakage inductance||H||1m||
|-
|rdc1||primary distributed turn-to-turn winding resistance||Ohms||1u||
|-
|cw1||primary distributed turn-to-turn winding capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|rdc2||secondary distributed turn-to-turn winding resistance||Ohms||1u||
|-
|cw2||secondary distributed turn-to-turn winding capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|cww12||inter-winding capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|}

==Nonlinear Capacitor==

[[File:GK89.png]]

The nonlinear capacitor model allows the capacitor to be described by an arbitrary relationship between the capacitor's charge Q and the voltage V across the capacitor. In other words, Q = f(V). The nonlinear capacitance is then defined as C(V) = dQ/dV. You need to define the charge Q by a mathematical expression in the voltage V. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "v(pos,neg)" standing for the terminal voltage. The default expression is:

{ C_DEF } * v(pos,neg)

which implies a linear capacitor, where Q = C<sub>DEF</sub> V. Therefore, C = C(V) = dQ/dV = C<sub>DEF</sub>.

Another example is 1e-4*(v(pos,neg))^2.
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|C_DEF||default capacitance||F||1||
|-
|}

==Nonlinear Conductor==

[[File:GK88.png]]

The nonlinear conductor model allows the conductor to be described by an arbitrary relationship between the conductor's current I and the voltage V across the conductor. In other words, I = f(V). The nonlinear conductance is then defined as G(V) = dI/dV. You need to define the current I by a mathematical expression in the voltage V. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "v(pos,neg)" standing for the terminal voltage. The default expression is:

{ G_DEF } * v(pos,neg)

which implies a linear conductor, where I = G<sub>DEF</sub> V. Therefore, G = G(V) = dI/dV = G<sub>DEF</sub>.

Another example is 1e-4*(v(pos,neg))^2.
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|G_DEF||default capacitance||S||1||
|-
|}

==Nonlinear Dependent Sources==

[[File:G18.png]]

Nonlinear dependent (arbitrary) sources use an equation or mathematical expression to describe their behavior. One and only one of the two forms: V=&lt;expr&gt; or  I=&lt;expr&gt; must be given.

Netlist Format:

B<device_name> v = <expression>

B<device_name> i = <expression>

Examples: 

v = I(v1) + 3* I(v2)

I = v(i1) + 3* v(2) + 5 * v(3) ^2

The first example is a current-controlled voltage source.  The v on the left side of the equation
indicates that it is a voltage source.  I(v1) and I(v2) are the currents through voltage sources named v1 and v2, respectively.

The second example is a voltage-controlled current source.  v(2) and v(3) represents the voltages at nodes 2 and 3, respectively, and v(i1) represents the voltage across a current source named i1.

The following mathematical functions defined for real variables can be used in the expressions:

abs(x), acos(x), acosh(x), asin(x), asinh(x), atan(x), atanh(x), cos(x), cosh(x), exp(x), ln(x), log(x), max(x,y), min(x,y), pwr(x,y), pwrs(x,y), sgn(x), sin(x), sinh(x), sqrt(x), tan(x), tanh(x), u(x), uramp(x).

The function &quot;sgn&quot; is the signum function and its value is 1 if the argument is positive or zero and -1 if the argument is negative. 
The function &quot;u(x)&quot; is the unit step and &quot;uramp(x)&quot; is the integral of the unit step.  The
unit step is one if its argument is greater than zero and zero if its argument is less than zero.  The
ramp function (uramp) is 0 for argument values less than zero and equal to the argument for argument values
greater than zero.

The following operators are permissible:  +, -, *, /, and ^.

The power functions have equivalent expressions: pwr(x,y) = x^y and pwrs(x,y) = sgn(x)*abs(x)^y.

Two constants can also be used in expressions: pi = 3.1415926 and e = 2.7182818.

There is a conditional function with the syntax IF(Condition, Expression1, Expression2). If "Condition" is met, then the return value of the function is Expression1; otherwise, it is Expression2. An example of this type of function is IF(v(1)>=0,1,-1), which is equivalent to sgn(v(1)). 

To get time into an expression, integrate the current from a constant current source with a capacitor
and use the voltage across the capacitor.

Note: All the functions and expressions are case-insensitive.

==Nonlinear Inductor==

[[File:GK90.png]]

The nonlinear inductor model allows the inductor to be described by an arbitrary relationship between the inductor's magnetic flux &Phi; and the current I flowing through the inductor . In other words, &Phi;  = f(I). The nonlinear inductance is then defined as L(I) = d&Phi;/dI. You need to define the flux &Phi; by a mathematical expression in the current I. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "i(vx)" standing for the device current. The default expression is:

{ L_DEF } * i(vx)

which implies a linear inductor, where &Phi; = L<sub>DEF</sub> I. Therefore, L = L(I) = d&Phi;/dI = L<sub>DEF</sub>.  

Another example is 1e-4*(i(vx))^2.
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|L_DEF||default inductance||H||1||
|-
|}

==Nonlinear Resistor==

[[File:GK87.png]]

The nonlinear resistor model allows the resistor to be described by an arbitrary relationship between the voltage V across the resistor and its current I. In other words, V = f(I). The nonlinear resistance is then defined as R(I) = dV/dI. You need to define the voltage V by a mathematical expression in the current I. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "i(vx)" standing for the device current. The default expression is:

{ R_DEF } * i(vx)

which implies a linear resistor, where V = R<sub>DEF</sub> I. Therefore, R = R(I) = dV/dI = R<sub>DEF</sub>.

Another example is 10*(i(vx))^2.
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|R_DEF||default resistance||&Omega;||1||
|-
|}

==Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)==

[[File:GK105.png]]

This three-pin device models a parameterized operational amplifier with a very high voltage gain, a very high input impedance and a very low output impedance. The behavioral model of the parameterized Op-Amp device is based on the algorithm found in the book <B>Macromodeling with Spice</B>,
authored by Connelly &amp; Choi, published by Prentice Hall. The default parameters are those of the 741 Op-Amp. This device doesn't require external DC bias voltage sources. Its positive and negative DC bias voltages are specified as its parameters. Sometimes the simulation doesn't converge if there is no DC path from the output of the Op-Amp to the ground.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|r_in_dm||differential mode input resistance||Ohms||2Meg||
|-
|r_in_cm||common mode input resistance||Ohms||2G||
|-
|Avd0||differential mode DC gain||dB||106||
|-
|CMRR||common mode rejection ratio||dB||90||
|-
|r_out||output resistance||Ohms||75||
|-
|c_in||input capacitance||F||1.4p||
|-
|ios||input offset current||A||20n||
|-
|ib||input bias current||A||80n||
|-
|vio||input offset voltage||V||1m||
|-
|slew_pos||positive slew rate||V/s||0.5e6||
|-
|slew_neg||negative slew rate||V/s||0.5e6||
|-
|curr_src_max||maximum output source current||A||25m||
|-
|curr_sink_||maximum output sink current||A25m||
|-
|fp1||dominant pole frequency||Hz||5||
|-
|fp2||second pole frequency||Hz||2Meg||
|-
|fp3||third pole frequency||Hz||20Meg||
|-
|fp4||fourth pole frequency||Hz||100Meg||
|-
|fz||first zero frequency||Hz||5Meg||
|-
|vcc_pos||positive dc voltage source||V||12||
|-
|vcc_neg||negative dc voltage source||V||12||
|-
|}

== Optocoupler ==

[[File:GK115.png]]

This is a five-pin parameterized optocoupler device. Its model consists of an ideal diode device in series with an Ohmic resistance connected between the Anode (A) and Cathode (K) pins together with a bipolar junction transistor device with three accessible pins, Collector (C), Base (B) and Emitter (E). A current-controlled current source is connected between base and collector of the BJT, whose current is controlled by the current passing through the diode. The proportionality constant is twice the specified value of the current transfer ratio (ctr) parameter. 

You can change or enhance the models of the diode and BJT by adding more parameters. To do so, you have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|ctr||current transfer ratio||-||0.5||
|-
|rd||diode ohmic resistance||Ohms||0.1||
|-
|}

== Overtone Crystal ==

[[File:GK79.png]]

This is a 2-pin parameterized overtone crystal device.  

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|LM||fundamental motional inductance||H||250m||
|-
|CM1||fundamental motional capacitance||F||10f||
|-
|RM1||fundamental motional resistance||Ohms||20||
|-
|RM3||3rd overtone motional resistance||Ohms||50||
|-
|RM5||5th overtone motional resistance||Ohms||100||
|-
|RM7||7th overtone motional resistance||Ohms||150||
|-
|C0||shunt capacitance||F||3p||
|-
|}

== Photodiode ==

[[File:GK113.png]]

This is a 4-pin parameterized photodiode device. A pair of pins, Anode (A) and Cathode (K), represent the physical terminals of the photodiode. The photodiode model connected between the anode and cathode pins consists of the parallel connection of an ideal diode, a dark current source, a noise current source, a current-controlled current source, a diode capacitance, a shunt resistance altogether with a series resistance.  

Another pair of pins IS+ and IS- act as an ammeter that must be inserted in a control circuit. The current passing through this ammeter controls the current of the photodiode. The default proportionality constant is unity. The controlling current is typically a function of light intensity incident on the surface of the photodiode.    

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|id||dark current||A||1n||
|-
|ir||noise current||A||1p||
|-
|cd||diode capacitance||F||10p||
|-
|rs||series resistance||Ohms||1m||
|-
|rp||parallel resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|}

==Piecewise Linear (PWL) Controlled Source==

[[File:GL49.png]]

The Piecewise Linear (PWL) Controlled Source is a single-input and single-output function generator whose output is not necessarily
linear for all input values. Instead, it follows an I/O relationship that is specified by the x_array and y_array coordinates. The x_array and y_array values represent vectors of coordinate points on the x and y axes, respectively. The x_array values are progressively increasing input coordinate points, and the associated y_array values represent the outputs at those points.  There may be as few as two pairs specified, or as many as memory and simulation speed allow.

In order to fully specify outputs for values of Vin outside of the bounds of the PWL function, the PWL
controlled source model extends the slope found between the lowest two coordinate pairs and the highest
two coordinate pairs.  This has the effect of making the transfer function completely linear for Vin
less than x_array[0] and Vin greater than x_array[n]. It also has the potentially subtle effect of unrealistically
causing an output to reach a very large or small value for large inputs. You should thus keep in mind
that the PWL Source does not inherently provide a limiting capability.

In order to diminish the potential for divergence of simulations when using the PWL block, a form
of smoothing around the x_array and y_array coordinate points is necessary.  This is due to the iterative
nature of the simulator and its reliance on smooth first derivatives of  transfer functions in order to
arrive at a matrix solution.  Consequently, the two parameters "input_domain" and "fraction" are included
to allow you some control over the amount and nature o the smoothing performed.

Fraction is a switch that is either TRUE or FALSE.  When TRUE (the default setting), the simulator assumes
that the specified input_domain value is to be interpreted as a fractional figure.  Otherwise, it is interpreted
as an absolute value.  Thus, if fraction = TRUE and input_domain = 0.10, the simulator assumes that the smoothing
radius about each coordinate point is to be set equal to 10% of the length of either the x_array segment
above each coordinate point, or the x_array segment below each coordinate point. The specific segment
length chosen will be the smallest of these two for each coordinate point.

If fraction = FALSE and input_domain = 0.10, then the simulator will begin smoothing the transfer function at 0.10
volts (or amperes) below each x_array coordinate and will continue the smoothing process for another 0.10
volts (or amperes) above each x_array coordinate point.

Model Identifier: pwl

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; %vd(&lt;in_pin&gt; &lt;in_ref_pin&gt;) %vd(&lt;out_pin&gt; &lt;out_ref_pin&gt;) &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; pwl x_array = [&lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ...] y_array = [&lt;value1&gt;
&lt;value2&gt; ...] {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 %vd(2   3)   %vd(1   4)  pwl
.model pwl pwl  x_array = [0 1]    y_array = [0 1]

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|x_array||x-element array||V||[0 1]||required
|-
|y_array||y-element array||V||[0 1]||required
|-
|input_domain||input smoothing domain||-||0.01|| 
|-
|fraction||smoothing %/abs switch||-||True|| 
|-
|}

== PM Modulated Source ==

[[File:GL25.png]]

This is a voltage source with a single-tone phase modulated waveform. The PM modulation index MDI is defined as the ratio of maximum phase deviation to maximum signal amplitude. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|V0||offset||V||0||
|-
|VA||amplitude||V||1||
|-
|FC||carrier frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|MDI||modulation index||-||0||required
|-
|FS||signal frequency ||Hz||1||required
|-
|}

== Potentiometer ==

[[File:GK77.png]]

This is a 3-pin device that models a potentiometer with options for either linear or logarithmic resistance. position = 0 corresponds to the wiper being at the extreme left and position = 1 corresponds to the wiper being at the extreme right. With the default position = 0.5 corresponding to the midpoint, this device functions as a one-half voltage divider.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|position||position of wiper connection||-||0.5||Must be between 0.0 and 1.0.
|-
|log||log-linear switch||-||False||Select False for linear and True for logarithmic.
|-
|r||total resistance||Ohms||0.1u||
|-
|log_multiplier||multiplier constant for log resistance||-||1.0||
|-
|}

== Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)==

[[File:GK112.png]]

This is a 3-pin parameterized Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) device with three pins: Base 1 (B1), Base 2 (B2) and Emitter (E). It is biased with a positive voltage between the two bases. This device has a unique characteristic that when it is triggered, its emitter current increases regeneratively until it is restricted by emitter power supply. It exhibits a negative resistance characteristic and so it can be employed as an oscillator. The device's model involves an NPN BJT and a PNP BJT. The forward beta parameters of the two transistors are set equal to 100 and 1, respectively. To change these values, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text.    

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|eta||-||-||0.6||
|-
|rbb||total base-to-base resistance||Ohms||40k||
|-
|rf||forward resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|rr||reverse resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|rgk||gate-to-cathode resistance||Ohms||100||
|-
|bvf||breakdown voltage of forward diode||V||100||
|-
|bvr||breakdown voltage of reverse diode||V||100||
|-
|bvgk||breakdown voltage of gate-to-cathode diode||V||5||
|-
|}

==Random Resistor==

[[File:GK93.png]]

The random resistor device models a resistor whose resistance is a random number between 0 and a maximum specified value. 
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|max_val||maximum resistance value||&Omega;||1k||
|-
|}

==Real Capacitor==

[[File:GK117.png]]

This is primarily a non-ideal, temperature-dependent capacitor model. You can access it from the Parts Menu as '''User-Defined Capacitor'''. It has two temperature coefficients: first-order TC1 temperature and second-order TC2. The value of the temperature-dependent capacitance is computed using the quadratic equation:

C(T) = C(T0) * [ 1 + TC1 * (T - T0) + TC2 * (T-T0)^2 ]
 
The device's model includes a series resistance and a series inductance together with the capacitor, all in parallel with a shunt resistance.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Resr||series resistance||&Omega;||10||
|-
|Ls||inductance||H||1p||
|-
|C||capacitance||F||1n||
|-
|Rp||parallel resistance||&Omega;||1G||
|-
|ic||voltage initial condition||V||0||
|-
|temp||operating temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|tc1||first-order temperature coefficient||F/&deg;C||0.1||
|-
|tc2||second-order temperature coefficient||F/&deg;C<sup>2</sup>||0.01||
|-
|}

==Real Inductor==

[[File:GK118.png]]

This is primarily a non-ideal inductor model. You can access it from the Parts Menu as '''User-Defined Inductor'''. Its series resistor has two temperature coefficients: first-order TC1 temperature and second-order TC2. The value of the temperature-dependent resistance is computed using the quadratic equation:

R(T) = R(T0) * [ 1 + TC1 * (T - T0) + TC2 * (T-T0)^2 ]
 
The device's model includes a series resistance together with the inductor, and the combination in parallel with a shunt capacitance.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Rdc||series resistance||&Omega;||10||
|-
|L||inductance||H||1||
|-
|Cp||capacitance||F||1p||
|-
|ic||current initial condition||A||0||
|-
|temp||operating temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|tc1||first-order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C||0.1||
|-
|tc2||second-order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C<sup>2</sup>||0.01||
|-
|}

==Real Resistor==

[[File:GK116.png]]

This is primarily a non-ideal, temperature-dependent resistor model. You can access it from the Parts Menu as '''User-Defined Resistor'''. It has two temperature coefficients: first-order TC1 temperature and second-order TC2. The value of the temperature-dependent resistance is computed using the quadratic equation:

R(T) = R(T0) * [ 1 + TC1 * (T - T0) + TC2 * (T-T0)^2 ]

The device's model includes a series inductance together with the resistor. 
 
Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|R||resistance||&Omega;||1k||
|-
|Ls||inductance||H||1n||
|-
|temp||operating temperature||deg C||27||
|-
|tc1||first-order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C||0.1||
|-
|tc2||second-order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C<sup>2</sup>||0.01||
|-
|}

==Resistor==

[[File:GK119.png]]

Resistors are passive devices that dissipate power. Their resistance value varies depending on how much power they can dissipate and is measured
in Ohms.  The transient, DC and AC behaviors of a resistor are all described by the same equation:

v = R * i

where v is the voltage across the resistor, i is the current passing through the resistor, and R is the resistance. The value of R must be nonzero. 

All resistor names must begin with R.

Netlist Format: 

R<device_name> <N+> <N-> <value> 

Example: 

R1 1 2 1k

[[RF.Spice A/D]] provides three types of resistor: Simple, User-Defined (Real Resistor) and Semiconductor. The resistance of the simple resistor is a single value expressed in Ohms. You can also set the Monte Carlo tolerance for this resistor.

==Schottky Diode==

[[File:GK80.png]]

The Schottky diode has the same model as the generic diode with a nonzero transit time (tt), a nonzero junction capacitance (cjo) and a typically larger saturation current (is), a lower junction potential (vj) and a smaller grading coefficient (m).   

==Semiconducting Capacitor==

[[File:GK83.png]]

This is the more general form of the Capacitor model and allows for the calculation of the actual capacitance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process. 

General Form:

CXXXXXXX N1 N2 <VALUE> <MNAME> <L=LENGTH> <W=WIDTH> <IC=VAL>

If VALUE is specified, it defines the capacitance. If MNAME is specified, then the capacitance is calculated from the process information in the model MNAME and the given LENGTH and WIDTH. If VALUE is not specified, then MNAME and LENGTH must be specified. If WIDTH is not specified, then it is taken from the default width given in the model. Either VALUE or MNAME, LENGTH, and WIDTH may be specified, but not both sets. The optional initial condition "IC" is the initial voltage across the capacitor for transient simulations.

The capacitance is computed as:

CAP = CJ * (LENGTH - NARROW) * (WIDTH - NARROW)+ 2 * CJSW * (LENGTH + WIDTH - 2NARROW) * CAP

To modify the model parameters, first double click on the capacitor to edit its top-level model parameters. Then choose the button labeled {{key|Edit from Table}} in the process model section. This will open a window in which you can edit CJ, CJSW, NARROW, DEFW, and CAP.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|CJ||junction bottom capacitance||F/m<sup>2</sup>||-||
|-
|CJSW||junction sidewall capacitance||F/m ||-||
|-
|DEFW||default device width||m||1u||
|-
|NARROW||narrowing due to side etching||m||0||
|-
|CAP||nominal capacitance for Monte Carlo simulation||F||1||
|-
|}

== Semiconductor Resistor ==

[[File:GK82.png]]

This is the more general form of the resistor model and allows for the modeling of temperature effects and for the calculation of the actual resistance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process. 

General Form:

RXXXXXXX N1 N2 <VALUE> <MNAME> <L=LENGTH> <W=WIDTH> <TEMP=T>

If VALUE is specified, it overrides the geometric information and defines the resistance. If MNAME is specified, then the resistance may be calculated from the process information in the model MNAME and the given LENGTH and WIDTH. If VALUE is not specified, then MNAME and LENGTH must be specified. If WIDTH is not specified, then it is taken from the default width given in the model. The (optional) TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate, and overrides the temperature specification in the SPICE Options Dialog. 

The resistance is computed as:

R(T0) = (RSH) * [(L - NARROW) / (W - NARROW)] * RES

R(T) = R(T0) * [ 1 + TC1 * (T - T0) + TC2 * (T-T0)^2 ]

To modify the model parameters, first double click on the resistor to edit its top-level model parameters. Then choose the button labeled {{key|Edit from Table}} in the process model section. This will open a window in which you can edit TC1, TC2, RSH, RES, etc.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|TC1||first order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C||-||
|-
|TC2||second order temperature coefficient||&Omega;/&deg;C<sup>2</sup>||-||
|-
|RSH||sheet resistance||&Omega;/sq||-||
|-
|DEFW||default device width||m||1u||
|-
|NARROW||narrowing due to side etching||m||0||
|-
|TNOM||the parameter measurement temperature||deg C ||27||
|-
|RES||resistance multiplier for Monte Carlo simulation||Ohms||1||
|-
|}

== Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)==

[[File:GK109.png]]

This is a 3-pin parameterized Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) device with three pins: Anode (A), Cathode (K) and Gate (G). It is a unidirectional device which can conduct current only in one direction. The SCR can be triggered only by a positive current going into its gate. The device's model involves an NPN BJT and a PNP BJT. The forward beta parameters of the two transistors are set equal to 100 and 1, respectively. To changes these values, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text.    

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|rf||forward resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|rr||reverse resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|rgk||gate-to-cathode resistance||Ohms||100||
|-
|bvf||breakdown voltage of forward diode||V||100||
|-
|bvr||breakdown voltage of reverse diode||V||100||
|-
|bvgk||breakdown voltage of gate-to-cathode diode||V||5||
|-
|}

== SPDT Switch ==

[[File:GK72.png]]

This is a 5-pin device that models a single-pole double-throw switch. The input voltage is transferred to the first output pin if the control voltage is at a high state. Otherwise, its is transferred to the second output pin.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|von||turn-on voltage||V||3.3||
|-
|voff||turn-off voltage||V||0.3||
|-
|vt||threshold voltage||V||1.0||
|-
|ron||on resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|roff||off resistance||Ohms||1Gig||
|-
|}

== SPST Switch ==

[[File:GK71.png]]

This is a 4-pin device that models a single-pole single-throw switch. It is virtually equivalent of the standard voltage-controlled switch. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|von||turn-on voltage||V||3.3||
|-
|voff||turn-off voltage||V||0.3||
|-
|vt||threshold voltage||V||1.0||
|-
|ron||on resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|roff||off resistance||Ohms||1Gig||
|-
|}

==Tabulated Conductor==

[[File:GK92.png]]

The tabulated conductor model allows the conductance to be described by a table relating the device's current i(t) to its terminal voltage v(t). In effect, the conductance is defined as G = di(t)/dv(t). The model provides two interpolation options: cubic spline and piecewise linear. You can enter the (v,i) data pairs in the text box provided in the property dialog. Or you can import the data from a text file.   

==Tabulated Resistor==

[[File:GK91.png]]

The tabulated resistor model allows the resistance to be described by a table relating the device's terminal voltage v(t) to its current i(t). In effect, the resistance is defined as R = dv(t)/di(t). The model provides two interpolation options: cubic spline and piecewise linear. You can enter the (i,v) data pairs in the text box provided in the property dialog. Or you can import the data from a text file.

==Tapped Inductor==

[[File:GK101.png]]

This 3-pin device models a tapped inductor with mutual coupling effect. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|Lt||total inductance||H||1m||
|-
|ratio||ratio of number of turns between positive terminal and tap to total number of turns||-||0.5||
|-
|k||coefficient of coupling||-||1.0||
|-
|}

== Temperature-Dependent Current Source ==

[[File:GL14.png]]

This is a current source whose current is an arbitrary function of the circuit temperature. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|Edit Model...}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "v(T)" standing for temperature. Note that the circuit temperature is set and controlled by the parameter "temp" in the Miscellaneous tab of the SPICE [[Simulation Options]] dialog.  

Examples:

* v(T) is equivalent to f(T) = T.
* 1 + 0.1*(v(t))^2 is equivalent to f(T) = 1 + 0.1T.
  
Parameters:

None

== Temperature-Dependent Voltage Source ==

[[File:GL13.png]]

This is a voltage source whose voltage is an arbitrary function of the circuit temperature. You have to open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|Edit Model...}} button and edit its text. Enter any mathematical expression in the variable "v(T)" standing for temperature. Note that the circuit temperature is set and controlled by the parameter "temp" in the Miscellaneous tab of the SPICE [[Simulation Options]] dialog.  

Examples:

* v(T) is equivalent to f(T) = T.
* 1 + 0.1*(v(t))^2 is equivalent to f(T) = 1 + 0.1T.

Parameters:

None

==Thermometer==
[[File:G115.png]]

The Thermometer is a two-pin device that measures the operating temperature of a circuit. The voltage across the device pins is equal to SPICE's operating temperature in degrees centigrade. The output voltage of the Thermometer can be used in conjunction with linear or nonlinear dependent sources to model temperature-dependent quantities.


Model Identifier: thermo


Parameters:

This device has no parameters.

== Triac Thyristor ==

[[File:GK110.png]]

This is a 3-pin bidirectional thyristor device that conducts current in either direction when triggered. A thyristor is analogous to a relay in that a small voltage and current can control a much larger voltage and current. The triac has two anode pins termed Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2) and a Gate (G) pin. In order to create a triggering current for a triac, either a positive or negative voltage can be applied to the gate. Once triggered, the thyristor continues to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until the main current drops below a certain level called the holding current. The device's model involves two NPN BJT transistors and two PNP BJT transistors. The forward beta parameters of the NPN and PNP transistors are set equal to 20 and 5, respectively. To changes these values, open the subcircuit model dialog by clicking the {{key|View Subcircuit}} button and edit its text.

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|rf||forward resistance||Ohms||1Meg||
|-
|bvf||breakdown voltage of forward diodes||V||100||
|-
|rh||resistance controlling reverse holding current||Ohms||100||
|-
|rgp||resistance controlling forward holding current and trigger current||Ohms||50||
|-
|}

==Uniform RC Transmission Line==

[[File:G23.png]]

The standard parameters are L, and N.  They are described below:

Two of the nodes are the element nodes connected by the RC line.  The third is the node to which the capacitances
are connected.  L is the length of the RC line in meters.  N is the number of lumped segments to use in
modeling the RC line.

This device is derived from a model proposed by Gertzberrg.  It expands the URC line into a network of
lumped RC segments with internally generated nodes.  These segments increase toward the middle of the
URC line in a geometric progression with K as the proportionality constant.

The URC line is made up entirely of resistor and capacitor segments, unless the ISPERL parameter has a
non-zero value.  In this case, capacitors are replaced by reverse biased diodes with an equivalent zero-bias
junction capacitance, a saturation current of ISPERL amps per meter of transmission line, and optional
series resistance of RSPERL ohms per meter. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!EXAMPLE
|-
|K||propagation constant||-||2||1.2
|-
|FMAX||maximum frequency of interest||Hz||1.0G||6.5Meg
|-
|RPERL||resistance per unit length||Ohm /m||1000||10
|-
|CPERL||capacitance per unit length||F/m||1.0e-15||1pF
|-
|ISPERL||saturation current per unit length||A/m||0||-
|-
|RSPERL||diode resistance per unit length||Ohm/m||0||-
|-
|}

==Varactor Diode==

[[File:GK81.png]]

A varactor diode is a combination of the generic diode with additional package inductance, package capacitance and a series resistance. This diode device has a typically large value of junction capacitance (cjo).

Parameters (in addition to standard diode parameters):  


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|q||quality factor||-||5000||
|-
|f0||frequency of Q-factor specification||Hz||50Meg||
|-
|ls||package inductance||H||0.5n||
|-
|cp||package capacitance ||F||0.05p||
|-
|}

==Voltage-Controlled Capacitor==

[[File:GK85.png]]

This 3-pin device models a voltage-controlled two-terminal capacitor whose capacitance is linearly proportional to a control voltage that is applied to a third (CTRL) pin. The proportionality constant is a conversion factor which you need to specify in F/V.   

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|K_C||conversion factor||F/V||1.0||
|-
|}

==Voltage-Controlled Inductor==

[[File:GK86.png]]

This 3-pin device models a voltage-controlled two-terminal inductor whose inductance is linearly proportional to a control voltage that is applied to a third (CTRL) pin. The proportionality constant is a conversion factor which you need to specify in H/V.   

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|K_L||conversion factor||H/V||1.0||
|-
|}

==Voltage-Controlled Resistor==

[[File:GK84.png]]

This 3-pin device models a voltage-controlled two-terminal resistor whose resistance is linearly proportional to a control voltage that is applied to a third (CTRL) pin. The proportionality constant is a conversion factor which you need to specify in &Omega;/V.   

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|K_r||conversion factor||&Omega;/V||1.0||
|-
|}

==Voltage-Controlled Switch==

[[File:G19.png]]

Switches are devices that exhibit high resistance when open (OFF state) and low resistance when closed (ON state). The switch model allows an almost ideal switch to be specified. With careful selection of the on and off resistances, they can effectively represent zero and infinite resistances in comparison to other circuit elements, while sustaining the model condition of a positive, finite value. 

There are two versions of Voltage-Controlled Switch: two-terminal and four-terminal. For the two-terminal device, you must specify the name of the controlling Voltmeter or controlling voltage nodes, as well as the turn-on and turn-off voltages in Volts and on and off resistance values in Ohms. The four-terminal device already provides nodes for a controlling voltmeter, and you just specify the rest of [[parameters]]. When the voltage across the switch or controlling device is greater or equal to the turn-on current, the switch closes. When the voltage across the switch or controlling device is less than or equal to the turn off current, the switch opens. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNITS!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|V_ON||turn-on voltage||V||0.5||
|-
|V_OFF||turn-off voltage||V||0.0||
|-
|RON||on resistance||Ohms||1.0||
|-
|ROFF||off resistance||Ohms||1G||
|-
|}

==Voltage Noise Source==

[[File:GL15.png]]

This is a voltage noise generator characterized by a spectral density and corner frequency. You have to click the {{key|Edit Model...}} button to access the parameters of this device. 

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!NAME!!PARAMETER!!UNIT!!DEFAULT!!NOTES
|-
|En||noise voltage||V/&radic;Hz||1n||required
|-
|freq||noise corner frequency||Hz||100||required
|-
|}

==Voltage Source==

[[File:G17A.png]]

A voltage source has a DC value, a transient behavior, an AC behavior, and distortion parameters. The transient type, AC parameters, and distortion parameters are defined on the first tab of the source's property dialog. The transient expression can be a pulse, sinusoid, exponential, or piecewise linear. The DC value of a voltage source is its initial transient value. For a source with a sinusoidal transient behavior, for example, the DC value will be equal to its transient offset voltage. The AC parameters are magnitude and phase.  These are used during the AC Frequency Sweep analysis. The distortion parameters, two sets of magnitude and phase, are used during the distortion analysis. The AC and distortion parameters are defined on the second tab of the source's property dialog.

==XSpice Devices and their models==

XSpice devices have the following form:
<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 4pt  0pt  1px  0pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;node1&gt; &lt;node2&gt; ... &lt;model_name&gt;</P>

<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  36pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
e.g., A2 1  2  transfer_function

Note that XSpice devices must start with the &quot;A&quot; designation, much as a resistor starts with
an &quot;R&quot;.  Some devices will have grouped (or vector) pins and are designated by being placed
inside square brackets.  In the example shown below, the 1 and 2 pins are grouped.  Pin 3 is not.  </P>

<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  0pt ; text-indent: 36pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
A1 [1   2]  3 summer </P>

Some models will have voltage differential pairs of pins and will be denoted by a %vd( ).  In the following
example pins 1 and 4 are differential pairs, as well as pins 2 and 3.  Differential pairs must go between
parentheses (). 

<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  0pt ; text-indent: 36pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
A1 %vd(1   4)   %vd(2   3)  triangle </P>

Refer to individual devices for more information.

Each XSpice device will also have a model associated with it.  Each model will have the following form:

<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  36pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
.model &lt;model_name&gt; &lt;model_identifier&gt; {&lt;pname1 = pval1&gt;} {&lt;pname2 = pval2&gt;} 
...</P>

<P CLASS="syntaxstyle" STYLE="font-size: 9pt ; margin: 0pt  0pt  1px  36pt ; font-family: 02070309020205020404,sans-serif; ">
e.g., .model transfer_function s_xfer  in_offset = 0.0  gain = 1.0</P>

Model_name refers to the name given in the device line.  Model_identifier is an internal designation and
must be of an existing designation  Refer to each device's example for the correct designation. 

Parameter values are optional.  If they aren't specified, then the default will be used.  Some devices
have parameters that require a value and must be specified.  Refer to individual devices for any required parameters.

==Zener Diode==

[[File:G10.png]]

The Zener Diode models the DC characteristics of most zeners. Since most data sheets for zener diodes do
not give detailed characteristics in the forward region, only a single point defines the forward characteristicThe
saturation current refers to the relatively constant reverse current that is produced when the voltage
across the zener is negative, but breakdown has not been reached.  The reverse leakage current determines
the slight increase in reverse current as the voltage across the zener becomes more negative.  It is modeled
as a resistance parallel to the zener with value v_breakdown / i_rev.

Note that the limt_switch parameter engages an internal limiting function for the zener.  This can, in
some cases, prevent the simulator from converging to an unrealistic solution if the voltage across or
current into the device is excessive.  If use of this feature fails to yield acceptable results, the convlimit
option should be tried (add the following statement to the SPICE input deck:  .options convlimit)

Model Identifier: zener

Netlist Format:

A&lt;device_name&gt; &lt;z_pin&gt; &lt;z_out_pin&gt; &lt;model_name&gt;

.model &lt;model_name&gt; zener v_breakdown = 1 {&lt;param1 = value&gt; &lt; param2 = value&gt; ...}

Example:

A1 1  2 zener

.model zener zener  v_breakdown = 1

Parameters:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Description!!Default!!Notes
|-
|v_breakdown||breakdown voltage||1||required
|-
|i_breakdown||breakdown current||2.0e-2|| 
|-
|i_sat||saturation current||1.0e-12|| 
|-
|N_forward||forward emission coefficient||1.0|| 
|-
|limit_switch||switch for on-board limiting (convergence aid)||False|| 
|-
|}

<p>&nbsp;</p>
[[Image:Back_icon.png|40px]] '''[[RF.Spice_A/D | Back to RF.Spice A/D Wiki Gateway]]'''