http://www.emagtech.com/wiki/index.php?title=Basic_Tutorial_Lesson_6:_Exploring_Simple_Rectifier_Circuits_Using_Ideal_Transformers&feed=atom&action=historyBasic Tutorial Lesson 6: Exploring Simple Rectifier Circuits Using Ideal Transformers - Revision history2024-03-28T10:17:55ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.23.17http://www.emagtech.com/wiki/index.php?title=Basic_Tutorial_Lesson_6:_Exploring_Simple_Rectifier_Circuits_Using_Ideal_Transformers&diff=32917&oldid=prevKazem Sabet at 17:55, 8 November 20162016-11-08T17:55:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|All versions|{{download|http://www.emagtech.com/downloads/ProjectRepo/AnalogLesson12.zip Analog Lesson 12}} }}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|All versions|{{download|http://www.emagtech.com/downloads/ProjectRepo/AnalogLesson12.zip Analog Lesson 12}} }}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== What You Will Learn <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== What You Will Learn ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this tutorial you will learn how to use RF.Spice's transformer models. You will build and test half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits and perform Fourier analysis of the waveforms.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this tutorial you will learn how to use RF.Spice's transformer models. You will build and test half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits and perform Fourier analysis of the waveforms.</div></td></tr>
</table>Kazem Sabethttp://www.emagtech.com/wiki/index.php?title=Basic_Tutorial_Lesson_6:_Exploring_Simple_Rectifier_Circuits_Using_Ideal_Transformers&diff=32860&oldid=prevKazem Sabet: Created page with "{{projectinfo|Tutorial| Exploring Rectifier Circuits Using Ideal Transformers |AnaTUT13 17.png|In this project, you will analyze several rectifier circuits in time and Fourier..."2016-11-07T23:10:35Z<p>Created page with "{{projectinfo|Tutorial| Exploring Rectifier Circuits Using Ideal Transformers |AnaTUT13 17.png|In this project, you will analyze several rectifier circuits in time and Fourier..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{projectinfo|Tutorial| Exploring Rectifier Circuits Using Ideal Transformers |AnaTUT13 17.png|In this project, you will analyze several rectifier circuits in time and Fourier domains.|<br />
<br />
*Ideal Transformer<br />
*Tapped Transformer<br />
*Rectifier<br />
*Transient Test<br />
*Fourier Analysis<br />
*Diode Bridge<br />
|All versions|{{download|http://www.emagtech.com/downloads/ProjectRepo/AnalogLesson12.zip Analog Lesson 12}} }}<br />
<br />
=== What You Will Learn ===<br />
<br />
In this tutorial you will learn how to use RF.Spice's transformer models. You will build and test half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits and perform Fourier analysis of the waveforms.<br />
<br />
== Building and Testing a Basic Transformer Circuit ==<br />
<br />
The following is a list of parts needed for this part of the tutorial lesson: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Part Name<br />
! scope="col"| Part Type<br />
! scope="col"| Part Value<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| V1<br />
| Voltage Source<br />
| Sinusoidal, V<sub>peak</sub> = 20, f = 1kHz<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| R1<br />
| Resistor<br />
| 1k <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| K1<br />
| Ideal Transformer<br />
| n = 2 <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| IN, OUT<br />
| Voltage Probe Marker<br />
| N/A <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The figure below shows the property dialog of the ideal transformer device. The default value of "Primary-to-Secondary Turns Ratio" is 2, which you will keep for this project. <br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 4.png|thumb|540px|The property dialog of the Ideal Transformer.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
You can access the "Ideal Transformer" part from the menu item '''Menu > Parts > Passive Devices > Transformers > Ideal Transformer''' or simply using the keyboard shortcut {{key|K}}. Place the parts and connect them as shown in the figure below. Make sure to ground the negative pins of the transformer both at the primary and secondary sides. <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 5.png|thumb|400px|A simple transformer circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Run a Transient Test of this circuit with the parameters specified below: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| v(in), v(out)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The results for the input and output voltages are shown in the figure below:<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 6.png|thumb|750px|The graph of input and output voltages in the transformer circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Next, run another Transient Test of this circuit with different signals to plots: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| i(v1), i(r1)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The results for the input and output currents passing through the voltage source and load resistor, respectively, are shown in the figure below:<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 7.png|thumb|750px|The graph of input and output currents in the transformer circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
It is easy to verify your results with the ideal transformer theory:<br />
<br />
<math> \frac{v_S}{v_P} = \frac{v_{out}}{v_{in}} = \frac{10V}{20V} = \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{n} </math><br />
<br />
<math> \frac{i_S}{i_P} = \frac{i(R1)}{i(V1)} = \frac{-10mA}{5mA} = -2 = -n </math><br />
<br />
where v<sub>P</sub> and v<sub>S</sub> are the primary and secondary voltages, respectively, and i<sub>P</sub> and i<sub>S</sub> are the primary and secondary currents, respectively.<br />
<br />
==Running a Fourier Analysis ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:AnaTUT13 8.png|thumb|400px|The Fourier Transform Settings dialog.]]<br />
Your input and output voltages in the circuit of the previous parts are pure single-tone sinusoidal with a frequency of 1kHz. if you perform a Fourier analysis of the output voltage, you would expect to see spectral content only a 1kHz. [[RF.Spice A/D]] lets you perform a Fourier analysis in conjunction with its "Transient Test". For this purpose, you need to check the '''Apply Fourier''' checkbox in the Transient Test Panel. Then click the '''Fourier Setup''' button to open the Fourier Transform Settings dialog. Set the '''Fundamental Frequency''' to 1kHz, set the positive output node to "2" for the output voltage and set the reference output node to "0" for the ground. <br />
<br />
Run a new Transient Test of this circuit with the parameters specified below: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| v(in), v(out)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
At the end of the simulation, an additional bar chart graph is added to the Data Manager window as shown below. Note almost zero spectral contents at DC and all the higher harmonics.<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
[[File:AnaTUT13 9.png|thumb|750px|The spectral contents of the output voltage in the transformer circuit.]]<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Building and Testing a Half-Wave Rectifier ==<br />
<br />
The following is a list of parts needed for this part of the tutorial lesson: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Part Name<br />
! scope="col"| Part Type<br />
! scope="col"| Part Value<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| V1<br />
| Voltage Source<br />
| Sinusoidal, V<sub>peak</sub> = 1, f = 1kHz<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| R1<br />
| Resistor<br />
| 1k <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| K1<br />
| Ideal Transformer<br />
| n = 2 <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| D1<br />
| Generic Diode<br />
| Defaults <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| IN, OUT<br />
| Voltage Probe Marker<br />
| N/A <br />
|}<br />
<br />
By inserting a diode before the load resistor, you can turn the your circuit to a half-wave rectifier as shown in the figure below <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 12.png|thumb|480px|The schematic of a half-wave rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Run a Transient Test of this circuit with the [[parameters]] specified below: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| v(in), v(out)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Fourier Analysis <br />
| Fund. Freq.: 1kHz, Signal: Node 3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The results for the input and output voltages as well as the spectral contents of the output signal are shown in the figures below. The output voltage samples the positive half-cycles of the input sinusoid. As you would expect, the output signal has significant spectral contents at DC and higher harmonics. <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 13.png|thumb|750px|The graph of input and output voltages in the half-wave rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 14.png|thumb|750px|The spectral contents of the output voltage in the half-wave rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Building and Testing a Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier ==<br />
<br />
The following is a list of parts needed for this part of the tutorial lesson: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Part Name<br />
! scope="col"| Part Type<br />
! scope="col"| Part Value<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| V1<br />
| Voltage Source<br />
| Sinusoidal, V<sub>peak</sub> = 1, f = 1kHz<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| R1<br />
| Resistor<br />
| 1k <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| K1<br />
| Ideal Transformer<br />
| n = 2 <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| U<br />
| Diode Bridge<br />
| Defaults <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| IN, OUT<br />
| Voltage Probe Marker<br />
| N/A <br />
|}<br />
<br />
You can access the diode bridge part form the menu item '''Menu > Parts > Active Devices > Diodes > Diode Bridge'''. Place and connect the parts as shown below:<br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 16.png|thumb|570px|The schematic of a full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Run a Transient Test of this circuit with the [[parameters]] specified below: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| v(in), v(out)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Fourier Analysis <br />
| Fund. Freq.: 1kHz, Signal: Node 2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The results for the input and output voltages as well as the spectral contents of the output signal are shown in the figures below. It is interesting to note that there is very negligible spectral content at the fundamental frequency of 1kHz. Instead, there is significant spectral content at the second harmonic 2kHz as well as at DC and higher even harmonics. The full-wave rectifier in effect doubles the frequency of the output voltage. <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 17.png|thumb|750px|The graph of input and output voltages in the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 18.png|thumb|750px|The spectral contents of the output voltage in the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
== Building and Testing a Full-Wave Rectifier With a Center-Tapped Transformer ==<br />
<br />
The following is a list of parts needed for this part of the tutorial lesson: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Part Name<br />
! scope="col"| Part Type<br />
! scope="col"| Part Value<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| V1<br />
| Voltage Source<br />
| Sinusoidal, V<sub>peak</sub> = 1, f = 1kHz<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| R1<br />
| Resistor<br />
| 1k <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| K1<br />
| Ideal Center-Tapped Transformer with Push-Pull Output<br />
| n = 2 <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| D1 - D2<br />
| Generic Diode<br />
| Defaults <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| IN, OUT<br />
| Voltage Probe Marker<br />
| N/A <br />
|}<br />
<br />
In this part of the tutorial lesson, you will used a center-tapped transformer. You need an ideal transformer with a single input winding and two output windings. You can get this from the menu item '''Menu > Parts > Passive Devices > Transformers > Ideal Center-Tapped Transformer with Push-Pull Output'''. Place and connect the two diodes at the secondary side of the transformer and ground the transformer's center tap as shown in the figure below: <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 20.png|thumb|600px|The schematic of a full-wave rectifier circuit with a center-tapped transformer.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
{{Note|For the ideal center-tapped transformer with push-pull output, the ratio parameter denotes the ratio of the primary winding turns to the secondary half-winding turns. For the ideal center-tapped transformer with push-pull input, the ratio parameter denotes the ratio of the primary half-winding turns to the secondary winding turns.}}<br />
<br />
Run a Transient Test of this circuit with the parameters specified below: <br />
<br />
{| border="0"<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|<br />
|-<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Start Time<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Stop Time<br />
| 5m<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Linearize Step<br />
| 10u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Step Ceiling<br />
| 1u<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Preset Graph Plots<br />
| v(in), v(out)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Fourier Analysis <br />
| Fund. Freq.: 1kHz, Signal: Node 2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The results for the input and output voltages as well as the spectral contents of the output signal are shown in the figures below. Note how this full-wave rectifier provide better rectification due to the center-tapped transformer in comparison with the bridge rectifier. The spectral contents in this case are very similar to those of the bridge rectifier. <br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 21.png|thumb|750px|The graph of input and output voltages in the full-wave rectifier circuit with a center-tapped transformer.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
<table><br />
<tr><br />
<td> [[Image:AnaTUT13 22.png|thumb|750px|The spectral contents of the output voltage in the full-wave rectifier circuit with a center-tapped transformer.]] </td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
<p>&nbsp;</p><br />
[[Image:Back_icon.png|40px]] '''[[RF.Spice_A/D#RF.Spice_A.2FD_Tutorials | Back to RF.Spice A/D Tutorial Gateway]]'''</div>Kazem Sabet