Application Note 5: Simulating The Performance Of Installed Antennas On Vehicular Platforms Using EM.Tempo

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Application Project: Simulating The Performance Of Installed Antennas On Vehicular Platforms Using EM.Tempo
ART GOLF Fig title.png

Objective: In this project, large parabolic reflectors fed by pyramidal horn antennas are modeled and analyzed using EM.Illumina and EM.Tempo.

Concepts/Features:

  • EM.Tempo
  • EM.Illumina
  • Pyramidal Horn
  • Parabola
  • Object of Revolution
  • Field Distribution
  • Radiation Pattern

Minimum Version Required: All versions

'Download2x.png Download Link: None

Introduction

In this application note, we demonstrate how to use EM.Tempo to compute and analyze the radiation pattern of a patch antenna installed on a vehicular platform. Specifically, the CAD model of a Volkswagen Golf automobile is first imported to EM.Cube. Then, a microstrip patch antenna with a finite-sized substrate is placed at different locations of the automobile's chassis.

Examining the Radiation Pattern of an Isolated Patch Antenna

EM.Cube provides a number of wizards for quick construction of patch antennas with different feed mechanisms: a probe feed, an edge-connected microstrip feed with or without a recess, and a slot-coupled open-ended microstrip feed. For this project, we consider a probe-fed square patch antenna with the following specifications:

Parameter Name Value
Substrate Height (h) 1.5mm
Substrate Relative Permittivity (εr) 2.2
Patch Length 88.20mm
Feed Offset (from Center) 35.28mm
Substrate Size 150mm

The geometry setup for the patch antenna in EM.Tempo is shown in the figure below. The dielectric substrate layer is backed by a perfect electric conductor (PEC) plate. The probe feed is modeled by a lumped source on a short vertical PEC line connecting the patch to the bottom ground plane.

The geometry setup for a rectangular microstrip patch antenna on a finite-sized substrate in EM.Tempo.

The patch structure was simulated using EM.Tempo's FDTD solver on a thick metal ground. The 3D far-field radiation pattern of the isolated finite-substrate patch antenna is shown in the figure below. The directivity of the patch is computed to be 7.09dB.

The 3D far-field radiation pattern of the isolated patch antenna computed by EM.Tempo.

The figures below show the 2D polar radiation patterns of the patch antenna in the principal YZ and ZX planes.

2D polar radiation pattern of the isolated patch antenna in the YZ plane.
2D polar radiation pattern of the isolated patch antenna in the ZX plane.

Importing the Vehicle Model

For this project, we use an IGES CAD model of a Volkswagen Golf automobile. The CAD model consists of 2019 different surface objects. They are originally grouped into a number of different object sets as shown in the figure below. The overall dimensions of the car are about 420cm × 200cm × 142cm.

The four-port view of the imported CAD model of the vehicle before material assignments in CubeCAD.

The CAD model is initially imported to CubeCAD. From there we transfer all the parts to EM.Tempo, where the FDTD simulation is to take place. We also place a cement block underneath the automobile to model the road surface. A number of materials are defined and assigned to the various parts of the vehicle as listed in the table below.

Material Designated Model Parts εr σ
PEC Car body 1
Glass Car windows 6.5 0.005S/m
Plastic Head-light covers, brake-light covers, license plate mounts 2.2 0.0
Rubber Tires 2.9 0.005S/m
Aluminum Wheel rims 1 3.8×106) S/m
Cement Road 1.9 0.0
Assigning material composition to various vehicle parts in EM.Tempo.

Simulating the Patch Antenna on the Vehicle Roof

First, we place the patch antenna on the roof of the Golf model as shown in the figure below.

The location of the patch antenna on the vehicle roof.

By default, EM.Tempo's mesh generator tries to place grid points at the corners of each graphic object's bounding box, and also at any internal boundaries any object may have. For models with a large number of complex geometric objects, this could drive the typical mesh cell size toward the "Absolute Minimum Grid Spacing", and would result in a much denser mesh than is required. Since the Golf model has more than 2000 distinct graphic objects, we will turn off some of these adaptive mesh options. A mesh density of 18 cells per effective wavelength is chosen for this structure with the absolute minimum grid spacing parameter set equal to 0.75mm. The figures below show the Yee mesh of the overall vehicle structure as well as the portion of the roof in the proximity of the installed patch antenna.

The mesh of the vehicle structure generated by EM.Tempo.
A close-up of the mesh of the patch antenna and its neighboring region of the vehicle's roof.



The Mirage III CAD model has an approximate length of 15m, a wingspan of 8m, and an approximate height of 4.5m. Expressed in free-space wavelengths at 850 MHz, the approximate dimensions of the aircraft model are 42.5 λ0 x 22.66 λ0 x 12.75 λ0. Thus, for the purposes of EM.Tempo, we need to solve a region of about 12,279 cubic wavelengths. For problems of this size, a very large CPU memory is needed, and a high-performance, multi-core CPU is desirable to reduce the simulation time.

Amazon Web Services allows one to acquire high-performance compute instances on demand, and pay on a per-use basis. To be able to log into an Amazon instance via Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), the EM.Cube license must allow terminal services. For the purpose of this project, we used a c4.4xlarge instance running Windows Server 2012. This instance has 30 GB of RAM memory, and 16 virtual CPU cores. The CPU for this instance is an Intel Xeon E5-2666 v3 (Haswell) processor.


Simulation Information:

Mesh size: 220 million cells

Farfield Resolution: 2.5 degrees

Simulation Time: 4 hours, 45 minutes

Typical Performance : 320 MCells/s

Power Threshold: -40 dB

Thread Factor: 8

The thread factor setting essentially tells the FDTD engine how many CPU threads to use during EM.Tempo's time-marching loop. For a given system, some experimentation may be needed to determine the best number of threads to use. In many cases, using half of the available hardware concurrency works well. This comes from the fact that many modern processors often have two cores per memory port. In other words, for many problems, the FDTD solver cannot load and store data from CPU memory quickly enough to use all the available threads or hardware concurrency. The extra threads remain idle waiting for the data, and a performance hit is incurred due to the increased thread context switching. EM.Cube will attempt use a version of the FDTD engine optimized for use with Intel's AVX instruction set, which provides a significant performance boost. If AVX is unavailable, a less optimal version of the engine will be used alternatively.

Roof field.png
Roof mesh.png
Roof mesh settings.png
Roof mesh settings advanced.png
Roof patch.png
Roof patch mesh.png
Roof pattern.png
Roof wheel mat.png
Roof wheel mat select.png
Roof yz cut.png
Roof zx cut.png


Patch on Hood

Simulation Information:

Mesh size: 230 million cells

Farfield Resolution: 2.5 degrees

Simulation Time: 5 hours, 25 minutes

Typical Performance : 320 MCells/s

Power Threshold: -40 dB

Thread Factor: 8

Hood mount.png
Hood mount mesh detail.png
Hood nearfield.png
Hood pattern.png
Hood yz cut.png
Hood zx cut.png