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EM.Tempo

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/* An EM.Tempo Primer */
=== EM.Tempo in a Nutshell ===
EM.Tempo is a powerful time-domain electromagnetic simulator for full-wave modeling of 3D radiation, scattering and propagation problems. It features a highly efficient Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation engine that has been optimized for speed and memory usage. EM.Tempo brings to your desktop the ultimate in computational power. Its FDTD solver has been parallelized to take full advantage of multi-core processor architectures. With a large variety of geometrical, material and excitation features including open-boundary and periodic structures, you can use EM.Tempo as a general purpose 3D field simulator for most of your electromagnetic modeling needs. EM.Tempo's new advanced simulation capabilities are your key to understanding of wave interaction in complex media such as anisotropic composites, metamaterials or biological environments.
EMA time domain simulation like FDTD offers several advantages over a frequency domain simulation.Tempo is In certain applications, the outcome of evolution time domain signature or behavior of our first-generation FDTD tool, EMa system is sought.LoungeFor example, which was introduced in 2004. The original simulation code utilized the transient response of a circuit or an FDTD formulation based on uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) boundary terminationantenna might be of primary interest. Further expansion In other applications, you may need to determine the wideband frequency response of that code culminated in a far superior boundary termination based on the convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML)system. In such cases, which performs equally well for all wave incidences at any arbitrary angleusing a frequency domain technique, you have to run the simulation engine many times to adequately sample the specified frequency range. AdditionallyIn contrast, EMusing the FDTD method requires a single-run simulation.Tempo now has The temporal field data are transformed into the ability Fourier domain to model laterally infinite layered structuresobtain the wideband frequency response of the simulated system. Among other advantages of the FDTD method are its versatility in handling complex material compositions as well as its superb numerical stability. It also provides a robust spectral is worth noting that unlike frequency domain formulation methods like the finite element method (FEM) or method of periodic boundary conditions for modeling arbitrary periodic structures with oblique plane wave incidencesmoments (MoM), the FDTD technique does not involve numerical solution of large ill-conditioned matrix equations that are often very sensitive to the mesh quality.
Like every numerical technique, the FDTD method has disadvantages, too. Adding the fourth dimension, time, to the computations increases the size of the numerical problem significantly. Unfortunately, this translates to both larger memory usage and longer computation times. Note that the field data are generated in both the 3D space and time. EM.Tempo's new advanced simulation capabilities uses a staircase "Yee" mesh to discretize the physical structure. This works perfectly well for rectangular objects that are oriented along the three principal axes. In the case of highly curved structures or slanted surfaces and lines, however, this may compromise the geometrical fidelity of your key structure. EM.Tempo provides a default adaptive FDTD mesher that can capture the fine details of geometric contours, slanted thin layers, surfaces, etc. to understanding arbitrary precision. However, with smaller mesh cells, the stability criterion leads to smaller time steps; hence, longer computation times. Another disadvantage of wave interaction in complex media such as anisotropic composites the FDTD technique compared to naturally open-boundary methods like MoM is its finite-extent computational domain. This means that to model open boundary problems like radiation or metamaterialsscattering, absorbing boundary conditions are needed to dissipate the incident waves at the walls of the computational domain and prevent them from reflecting back into the domain. The accuracy of the FDTD simulation results depends on the quality of these absorbers and their distance from the actual physical structure. EM.Tempo provides high quality perfectly match layer (PML) terminations at the boundaries which can be placed fairly close your physical structure.
=== An Overview of FDTD Modeling ===
In the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, a discretized form of Maxwell’s equations is solved numerically and simultaneously in both the 3D space and time. During this process, the electric and magnetic fields are computed everywhere in the computational domain and as a function of time starting at t = 0. From knowledge of the primary fields in space and time, one can compute other secondary quantities including frequency domain characteristics like scattering [[parameters]], input impedance, far field radiation patterns, radar cross section, etc.
 
A time domain simulation like FDTD offers several advantages over a frequency domain simulation. In certain applications, you may seek the time domain signature or behavior of a system. For example, the transient response of a circuit or an antenna might be of primary interest. In other applications, you may need to determine the wideband frequency response of a system. In such cases, using a frequency domain technique, you have to run the simulation engine many times to adequately sample the specified frequency range. By contrast, using the FDTD method requires a single-run simulation. The temporal field data are transformed into the Fourier domain to obtain the wideband frequency response of the simulated system. Among other advantages of the FDTD method is its versatility in handling complex geometries and inhomogeneous material compositions as well as its superb numerical stability. It is worth noting that unlike frequency domain methods like the finite element method (FEM) or method of moments (MoM), the FDTD technique does not involve numerical solution of large ill-conditioned matrix equations that are often very sensitive to the mesh quality.
 
Like every numerical technique, the FDTD method has disadvantages, too. Adding the fourth dimension, time, to the computations increases the size of the numerical problem significantly. Unfortunately, this translates to both larger memory capacity requirements and longer computation times. Note that the field data are generated in both the 3D space and time. [[EM.Cube]]'s [[FDTD Module]] uses a staircase "Yee" mesh to discretize the physical structure. This works perfectly well for rectangular objects that are oriented along the three principal axes. Difficulties start to appear for highly curved structures or slanted surfaces and lines. As a result, the quantization effect might compromise the geometrical fidelity of your structure. [[EM.Cube]] provides a default adaptive FDTD mesher that can capture the fine details of geometric contours, slanted thin layers, surfaces, etc. to arbitrary precision. However, due to the stability criterion, smaller mesh cells lead to smaller time steps, hence longer computation times. Another disadvantage of the FDTD technique compared to naturally open-boundary methods like MoM is its finite-extent computational domain. This means that to model open boundary problems like radiation or scattering, absorbing boundary conditions are needed to dissipate the incident waves at the walls of the computational domain and prevent them from reflecting back into the domain. The accuracy of the FDTD simulation results depends on the quality of these absorbers and their distance from the actual physical structure. [[EM.Cube]]'s [[FDTD Module]] provides high quality perfectly match layer (PML) terminations at the boundaries, which can be placed only a quarter wavelength or less from your physical structure.
The simulated structure in FDTD usually consists of a number of objects that may have different material properties. [[EM.Cube]]’s [[FDTD Module]] categorizes objects by their material composition. Several material types are currently offered: Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC), Isotropic & Homogeneous Dielectric, Uniaxial Anisotropic, Full Anisotropic, and three types of dispersive materials: Debye, Drude and Lorentz.
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