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== From Near Fields to Far Fields ==
[[Image:NEOWEB11.png|thumb|450px|NeoScan field probe scanning the surface of a microstrip patch antenna at 2.4GHz.]]
[[NeoScan]] systems can be used as an essential tool for characterization, test and evaluation of antennas and phased array systems. It is a well-established fact that once you have an accurate estimate of the aperture fields, you can compute the far-field radiation patterns of an antenna with reasonable accuracy. This fact is based on the equivalence principle and the Huygens theory in electromagnetics. Time domain electromagnetic simulation tools such as [[EM.Tempo]] use a near-to-far-field transformation based on this principle to compute the far-zone fields of any radiating structure. In general, by far fields we mean the electric fields evaluated in the far zone of a physical structure, which satisfies the following condition:
where r is the distance between the observation and source points, λ<sub>0</sub> is the free space wavelength and D is the largest dimension of the radiating structure.
Click here to learn more about the theory of '''<table><tr><td>[[Maxwell%27s_Equations#Computing_the_Far-Zone_Fields_from_Near-Zone_Data Image:NEOWEB11.png| Near-to-Far-Field Transformationthumb|420px|NeoScan field probe scanning the surface of a microstrip patch antenna at 2.349GHz.]]'''.</td></tr></table>
The radiation patterns of antennas and arrays are traditionally measured in anechoic chambers. The size of the chamber, its architecture and the quality of the surrounding absorbers all affect the chamber's frequency range of operation and the accuracy of the measured results. For example, in order to characterize an HF antenna operating at 40MHz, you need a very large and deep anechoic chamber several meters long. Anechoic chamber facilities are very expensive, require a large space and are hard to operate and maintain. Compact ranges are smaller replacements for full-sized chambers.
Near-field scanning systems are by far the most compact alternatives for antenna pattern measurement. Yet, conventional near-field scanning systems have substantial downsides. These systems involve metallic radiators that act as receivers for picking up the near field of the antenna under test (AUT). Such metallic pick-up pickup antennas cannot get close to the AUT since they would perturb its near fields. They also limit the operational bandwidth of the system, and their accuracy degrades significantly at lower frequency bands. Sophisticated error correction and compensation algorithms are often used in conjunction with these systems to de-embed and minimize various errors due to their specific architectures and configurations.Â
== NeoScan vs. Conventional Near-Field Scanning Systems ==
{{#ev:youtube|https://www[[NeoScan]] provides a unique and highly superior alternative to the conventional near-field scanning systems.youtube.com/watch?v=sjG2aua-4mk|450|right|<b>VIDEO</b>Some of the very attractive features of the [[NeoScan]] probes are: Characterizing an S-band microstrip-fed patch antenna using NeoScan.|frame}}
[[NeoScan]] provides a unique and highly superior alternative to the conventional near-field scanning systems. The [[NeoScan]] probes *They are optical by nature.*They provide extremely large bandwidths.*They have very small footprints.*They are completely made of dielectric materials and have absolutely non-no metallic compositionsparts. *They are extremely small, non-invasive and invisible to the radiating antenna. *They can get very close to the surface of the radiating aperture, and provide ultra-wideband operationantenna for diagnostic mapping. Due to their non-invasive nature, [[NeoScan]] probes *They can generate ultra-be placed farther from the surface of the antenna for faster near-field scans of the AUT. These can be used as an invaluable tool scanning for diagnostic purposes. For instance, you can examine the interpurpose of far field computation.*They measure near-element coupling effects in passive fields "As Is" and active phased arraysdo not require error correction or compensation.
In short, with [[NeoScan]], you get a compact portable self<table><tr><td>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjG2aua-4mk|550|left|'''VIDEO''': Characterizing an S-band microstrip-contained system that characterizes your fed patch antenna system from using NeoScan.|frame}}</td></tr></table> The figures below show the very near fields to amplitude and phase distribution of the very far fields without requiring considerable real estateX and Y components the electric field slightly above the surface of the microstrip-fed patch antenna measured at 2. 349GHz. Both 2D intensity plots and 3D surface plots are shown. The field amplitude is expressed in dBV/m, while the phase is expressed in degrees. The field scan data can be imported to [[NeoScanEM.Cube]] is particularly useful for phase characterization and calibration large antenna arrayswith more visualization capabilities. For example, the field components can be combined to produce very informative vector field plots.
To learn more about the details of these patch antenna measurements, check out our web article entitled "'''[http://www.emagtech.com/content/using-emcube-and-neoscan-system-together-antenna-design Using EM.Cube and NeoScan System Together for Antenna Design]'''".
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[[Image:NEOWEB7.png|thumb|360pxleft|480px|2D intensity plots of the amplitude and phase of the X and Y components of the electric field on the surface of the patch antenna.]]
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[[Image:NEOWEB9.png|thumb|360pxleft|480px|3D surface plots of the amplitude and phase of the X and Y components of the electric field on the surface of the patch antenna.]]
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[[Image:NEOWEB41.png|thumb|left|720px|Vector plot of the electric field on the surface of the patch antenna imported to and visualized in EM.Cube.]]
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== A Low-Cost Alternative to Costly Anechoic Chambers and Much More... ==
The [[NeoScan]] - ANT system configuration comes with an operational software that quickly determines and suggests the optimal distance parameters for the fastest scan. Based on the physical aperture size, height of the probe from above the radiating aperture for , and desired angular accuracy, scan parameters such as the fastest total scanarea and mechanical step resolution are estimated using the near-field scanning theory. The higher the required field-of-view (FOV) angular accuracy, the larger the scan area. Prior physical knowledge of the radiation pattern characteristics of the AUT is readily computed using antenna under test can help you make more judicious choices for some of these parameters. For example, when scanning a rigorous near-to-far-field transformation without any high gain antenna array with very low side lobe levels pointing in the direction of bore sight, you need for eliminating artifact errorsa smaller FOV angular accuracy. This is due The angular requirements, of course, rapidly begin to change as you steer the fact beam of a high gain phased array antenna towards grazing angles once undesired grating lobes start to appear. Note that the [[NeoScan]] measures user can always override all the "true" near fields default or recommended settings and take total control of the AUT without any external perturbationsoperation manually.
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[[Image:NEOWEB10.png|thumb|600px720px|The Aperture Settings tab of the NeoScan Mapping Utility software.]]
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The radiation patterns of the AUT are readily computed using a rigorous near-to-far-field transformation without any need for eliminating artifact errors. The figure below shows the total, theta and phi components of the radiation patterns of the microstrip-fed patch antenna measured at 2.349GHz in the principal E and H planes. Besides the 2D Cartesian and polar radiation pattern graphs, the fully polarimetric 3D far field data of the AUT are generated and saved to an ASCII data file, which can be imported to [[EM.Cube]] for visualization, analysis and other purposes.
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{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5KjauYge5o|400|right|Mapping the near-fields of a 64-element X-band patch antenna array with a corporate feed network.|frame}}= One System for Both Near & Far Field Characterization ==
[[NeoScan]]'s non-invasive electro-optic probes have made it possible to directly measure and map the aperture-level fields of a radiating antenna. When dealing with radiating systems, mapping the near fields can have two different purposes. For the purpose of far-field radiation pattern estimation, you don't want to get too close to the surface of the antenna to avoid picking up all the reactive fields and evanescent modes. If you do so, you will need a rather high spatial resolution to capture the field variations with very precise details. On the other hand, for the purpose of diagnostic near-field mapping, you do need a very high spatial resolution and you want to maintain the field probe as close as possible to the surface of the antenna under test. [[NeoScan]] does both jobs for you and meets both sets of requirements with one system and the same probes.
In short, with [[NeoScan]], you get a compact portable self-contained system that characterizes your antenna system from the very near fields to the very far fields without requiring considerable real estate.
<table><tr><td>{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v== l5KjauYge5o|550|left|<b>VIDEO</b>: Mapping the near-fields of a 64-element X-band patch antenna array with a corporate feed network.|frame}}</td></tr></table>Â For instance, you can examine the inter-element coupling effects in passive and active phased arrays. The Perfect Solution for Characterizing Ultrafigure below shows a 64-wideband Antenna Systems ==element fixed-beam X-band patch antenna array with an elaborate micostrip corporate feed network operating at 10.65GHz. The array was designed with a uniform amplitude distribution, <i>i.e.</i>, it should supply equal powers to all the 64 patch radiators.
Characterization of Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems using near-field scanning is a very challenging task. Conventional near-field scanning systems require different types of metallic antennas with different sizes at different frequency bands.
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[[Image:NEOWEB28NEOWEB40.png|thumb|450pxleft|Measuring the fields 380px|A 64-element X-band patch antenna array with a corporate feed network operating at the aperture 10.65GHz.]]</td><td>[[Image:NEOWEB43.png|thumb|left|340px|A high-resolution field map of an ultraa quarter of the 64-wideband ridge horn element X-band patch antenna at 5GHzarray.]]
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As the video shows, the low-resolution near-field maps at a higher height above the array surface provide a good estimate of the far-field radiation patterns, but they do not reveal much about the field distribution of the individual radiating elements. To accomplish the latter, you have to bring the probe down much closer to the radiating aperture. From the figures below, you can easily see that a large portion of the supplied RF power is trapped in the feeding transmission lines, and some patch elements receive much lower power levels than the others.
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[[Image:NEOWEB29NEOWEB42.png|thumb|375pxleft|The aperture 720px|Low-resolution Ex and Ey field distribution maps of the ridge horn entire 64-element X-band patch antennaarray.]]
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[[Image:NEOWEB30NEOWEB44.png|thumb|345pxleft|The far-field radiation 720px|Radiation pattern graphs of the ridge horn 64-element X-band patch antennaarray in the principal E and H planes.]]
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== The A Perfect Solution for Characterizing HighUltra-Power wideband Antenna Systems ==
{{#ev:youtube|https://wwwFar-field characterization of ultra-wideband antenna systems is a very challenging task.youtube.com/watch?v=oAaWhether you use an anechoic chamber or a conventional near-XqE9H1g|400|right|Characterizing field scanning system for this task, you have to utilize different types of metallic antennas with different sizes at different frequency bands in both cases. [[NeoScan]] is inherently an Xultra-band slotted waveguide arraywideband field measurement system. Its EO field probes have cutoff frequencies well within the terahertz region. It is primarily the RF processing back end of [[NeoScan]] that currently limits its operational bandwidth.| frame}}
Characterization <table><tr><td>[[Image:NEOWEB28.png|thumb|left|420px|Measuring the fields at the aperture of highan ultra-power active phased arrays is a very challenging task. Special considerations must be taken into account when measuring high-power wideband ridge horn antenna systems in an anechoic chamber including operator's safetyat 5GHz. ]]</td></tr></table>Â [[NeoScan]] field probes can handle measure the aperture field intensities as distribution of a wideband antenna over a very large as 2MV/m and can even withstand higher radiated power levelsfrequency range. EMAG's unique probe However, far-field radiation patterns are frequency domain data by nature. They are measured and optical processing technology allows standoff distances as long as 50 meters between the probe location visualized at a specified frequency. Several radiation pattern plots are typically generated at different frequency bands to characterize an ultra-wideband antenna system. Using a [[NeoScan]] system for this purpose provides the aperture ultimate convenience of using the high-power array and same measurement setup, the optical mainframe same AUT positioning and processing unitthe same field probes to perform near-field scanning at multiple frequency bands. This enables All you need to readily characterize very high-power do is vary the frequency of the RF signal generator that feed the antenna systems very accurately in a totally non-invasive manner without any serious safety or logistic concernsunder test.
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[[Image:NEOWEB15NEOWEB29.png|thumb|550pxleft|Measuring the fields at the 375px|The aperture field distribution of an X-band slotted waveguide the ridge horn antenna array at 9.4GHz]]</td><td>[[Image:NEOWEB30.png|thumb|left|345px|The far-field radiation pattern of the ridge horn antenna.]]
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== A Perfect Solution for Characterizing High-Power Antenna Systems ==
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Test and evaluation of high-power antenna systems or active phased arrays is a daunting process. Special considerations must be taken into account when measuring high-power radiating systems in an anechoic chamber including operator's safety and fire hazards. The problems are multiplied when using a near-field scanning system whose metallic receiver probe has to be positioned at a far enough distance from the transmitting antenna under test. In contrast, [[NeoScan]] probes can handle field intensities as large as 2MV/m and can even withstand higher radiated power levels. The non-invasive EO probes can be placed very close to the surface of the high-power radiating aperture, while the optical mainframe and RF processing back end reside much farther at a reliable distance from the aperture.
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EMAG's unique probe and optical processing technology utilizing polarization maintaining (PM) optical fibers allows standoff distances as long as 50 meters between the probe location at the aperture of the high-power array and the optical mainframe. This enables you to readily characterize very high-power antenna systems very accurately in a totally non-invasive manner without any serious safety or logistic concerns. In other words, you don't need to attenuate or lower the transmitted power levels of your antenna system to meet safety requirements or make it possible for the conventional metallic probes to operate in the proximity of the antenna aperture without interfering with it. With [[NeoScan]], you can characterize your high-power antennas or active phased arrays under their true or nominal operating conditions.
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[[Image{{#ev:NEOWEB8youtube|https://www.pngyoutube.com/watch?v=oAa-XqE9H1g|thumb550|240pxleft|The aperture field distribution of the <b>VIDEO</b>: Characterizing an X-band slotted waveguide array.]]| frame}}
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You can use [[NeoScan]] for measurement of different types of antenna structures and array topologies. In certain cases, prior physical knowledge of field distributions may facilitate and expedite the scanning process. For example, the figure below shows an X-band slotted waveguide array operating at 9.42GHz. From the physics of such structures, you know that the fields are highly localized close to the centerline of the waveguide array. In addition, the tangential field component parallel to the direction of the slots is zero. Therefore, if the goal of near-field scanning is to compute the far-field radiation patterns, only one tangential field component needs to be mapped. For a complete near-field characterization, however, you may want to measure the normal field maps, too.
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[[Image:NEOWEB16NEOWEB15.png|thumb|240pxleft|The far-field radiation pattern of 550px|Measuring the fields at the aperture of an X-band slotted waveguide antenna arrayat 9.42GHz.]]
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[[Image:NEOWEB8.png|thumb|left|240px|The aperture field distribution of the slotted waveguide array.]]
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[[Image:NEOWEB16.png|thumb|left|240px|The far-field radiation pattern of the slotted waveguide array.]]
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